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未来社会的“成本疾病”

2017-08-16 09:03:32   中国青年网

名家文萃

前段时间,我与一位40后的老先生交流,他感慨:这个世界变了。30年前,他在楼下的发廊剃头,最多1元钱;买一只电子手表,最多40元。但今天,他去楼下剪头发,理发师剪了没几下,就要收30元;网购一只电子手表,却只要20元。有的东西变得越来越贵,有的东西却越来越便宜。与理发相似,在今天,我们发现冰箱、空调、洗衣机、手机和汽车的价格越来越便宜;与此同时,听一场音乐会、一场讲座的价格却越来越高。这其中有什么原因呢?

在经济学理论中,该现象叫做“成本疾病”。1966年,美国经济学家鲍莫尔与他的同事威廉·鲍恩进行了一项研究:为什么搞艺术的文化组织总是财务吃紧?最终,他们得出了一个简单却震惊经济学界的结论:艺术工作者其实是与工厂里的工人在同一个劳动力市场内竞争的。

制造业生产率提升,工人的工资水平随之上涨;与此同时,艺术工作者的工资也随之上涨,如若不然,他们就要辞职跑去工厂做工了。但艺术工作者工资的上涨并未伴随着生产率相应提升。比如,两百多年前演绎莫扎特的弦乐四重奏,需要四位音乐家演奏八分钟;今天演奏也大致需要这个时间,而且可以预料,即使在遥远的未来,这一曲目的演奏时间也不可能被压缩。由此可见,过去几百年,音乐家在演绎莫扎特弦乐四重奏时的“生产”过程从未改变,“生产”效率也从未提高。那么,四位演奏家的收入该如何提高?只能提高门票价格。

由此,鲍莫尔将社会分为“进步部门”与“停滞部门”。他认为,进步部门生产率相对快速的增长将导致停滞部门出现相对成本的不断上升。比如,生产手表、冰箱、空调、洗衣机、汽车等产品的制造业属于进步部门,劳动效率不断提高的同时,制造成本也快速下降;而理发师、厨师、音乐家、大学教授等供职的部门属于停滞部门,其他领域劳动效率的提高,将间接带动停滞部门工资的上涨。也就是说,凡是服务行业,尤其是那些机器难以进入、手工成分较高的劳动密集型行业,都存在“成本疾病”现象。

那么,究竟该如何治愈“成本疾病”?鲍莫尔教授认为,成本疾病根本无法治愈。而且在未来30年,“成本疾病”现象将持续恶化,因为与生活质量有关的许多服务将会变得更加昂贵,而批量生产的物品将会变得越来越便宜。未来机器人很可能将替代生产线上的工人,这意味着技术将使进步部门的生产效率继续提高。与此同时,技术还能够改造停滞部门。如果机器人医生、机器人律师、机器人精算师问世,那些原本收入高、属于停滞部门的工作,便会演变成进步部门。但毕竟有些工作机器难以取代,比如演奏一场音乐会。

所以,未来社会将有两大特点,一是广为普及的先进技术,二是大规模的“成本疾病”现象。 (作者为知名财经作家)

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