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人民币由贬转升关键是什么?社科院专家:逆周期因子作用显著

2017-09-12 08:22:30   中国经济网

从上述效果中不难看出,引入逆周期因子对中国央行而言,短期效果是非常显著的,此举扭转了市场上的单边贬值预期,有助于稳定资本流动与外汇储备。这对于维护十九大之前的国内经济稳定很有助益。

但在笔者看来,当前新的人民币汇率形成机制还面临以下问题、考验或不确定性:

首先,如前所述,当前人民币兑美元汇率的升值压力,主要还是源自美元汇率自身的下跌(尤其是美元兑欧元汇率的下行压力),一旦未来国际经济或政治环境出现大的变动,美元指数重新开始走强,那么人民币兑美元汇率中间价将会如何变化,还存在较大的不确定性;

其次,如果美元指数继续走弱,导致人民币兑美元汇率以及人民币兑CFETS篮子汇率上升过快,这是否将会造成人民币汇率的再次高估并对中国出口增长造成负面影响,或再次引发热钱流入并滋生新的资产价格泡沫?换言之,当市场存在反向的非理性“羊群行为”(也即人们借入美元来兑换人民币套利)时,央行是否会动用逆周期调节因子来遏制人民币过快升值?

再次,当前中国央行通过引入逆周期调节因子来推动人民币兑美元汇率升值的做法,不能不说与特朗普政府针对中国的贸易保护主义行为关系密切。但如果特朗普政府并不领情,依然发动针对中国的贸易保护主义行动。那么中国央行将会如何反击?是让人民币兑美元汇率维持稳定呢,还是让人民币兑美元汇率显著贬值?

第四,在人民币加入SDR货币篮之后,人民币汇率形成机制进行了多次改动。与811汇改之后短期内人民币兑美元中间价直接等于前一日收盘价相比,一轮轮修改后的人民币汇率形成机制中,国内市场供求的影响程度越来越小。这是否会使得IMF考虑重新评估人民币汇率形成机制,指责中国央行重新干预人民币汇率,并威胁把人民币踢出SDR货币篮?在国际环境波诡云谲的今天,多考虑几步是必要的。

最后,笔者曾经反复强调的是,对大型开放经济体而言,自由浮动是最佳的汇率形成机制。盯住一篮子汇率制度相当于把汇率制定拱手让于全球外汇市场波动,这只能是严重依赖对外贸易与资本流动的小型经济体才能长期实施的汇率制度。既然当前中国央行已经成功地打消了市场上的单边升值预期,那么当前中国央行应当加快推动人民币汇率形成机制改革。改革的方向自然是提高国内市场供求对每日汇率开盘价的影响程度,而不是811之后与国内市场供求渐行渐远。

(作者平安证券首席经济学家、中国社科院世经政所研究员张明授权中国经济网发布,原文首发于FT中文网。)

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