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经济日报:美联储缘何开启“缩表”进程

2017-09-22 07:17:36   中国经济网

当地时间9月20日,美国联邦公开市场委员会(FOMC)本年度第六次议息会议声明对外发布。不出市场预期及经济学家所料,美联储维持目前1.00%至1.25%的联邦基金利率目标区间不变,从今年10月开始缩减规模达4.5万亿美元的资产负债表,以逐步收紧货币政策。

2008年国际金融危机发生后,美联储不仅将联邦基金利率降至接近零的超低水平,又先后通过三轮量化宽松货币政策(QE)购买大量美国国债和机构抵押贷款支持证券(MBS),大幅压低长期利率,以促进企业投资和居民消费,刺激美国经济复苏。过去9年,美联储资产负债表的规模膨胀近5倍,从危机前约9000亿美元增至目前约4.5万亿美元。

在美联储庞大的资产负债表中,美国国债规模为2.46万亿美元,占比52%,机构抵押贷款支持证券(MBS)占比37%,规模为1.77万亿美元,另有约11%是逆回购协议,还有不到1%的联邦机构债券以及央行间流动性互换和贷款。

所谓“缩表”,是指美联储缩减自身资产负债表规模,这将推高长期利率,提高企业融资成本,从而令美国金融环境收紧。可以说,“缩表”和加息一样,都是收紧货币政策的一种政策工具。

美联储缘何定于今年10月份开启“缩表”?首先,美国经济现在更加稳固。美联储在过去两年4次上调短期利率,考虑到借贷成本已经处在零水平上方,美联储已做好准备,退出应对2008年国际金融危机最后一大举措的时机已经成熟。

其次,美联储的庞大资产已成为政治负担,批评人士对美联储在危机时期的实验性救助举措很是不满。也有人士称,美联储为支持住房市场购买抵押贷款证券的做法属于财政政策范畴,因而应该交给美国国会议员来制定。

第三,今年10月份开启“缩表”可以打消金融市场对美联储此后如何处理其资产负债表的担忧,因为美联储领导层即将换届。未来一年,美国总统特朗普将有机会提名美联储理事会7名成员中的5人,包括美联储主席和副主席人选。如果美联储现在就能对“缩表”方案达成一致,在执行上没有异议,那么未来的美联储新领导层将很难对“缩表”的相关决策作出改变。

FOMC第6次议息会议声明指出,美联储将按照今年6月14日公布的“缩表”原则和计划行动,即“缩表”将小规模起步,逐渐加大缩减力度,从最初的每月减少100亿美元,一年内扩大至每月减少500亿美元。

在缩减额度上,对美国国债和机构抵押贷款支持证券(MBS)也将区别对待,最初将每月减少美国国债本金再投资额度60亿美元,随后每3个月扩大一次削减规模(60亿美元),在12个月内将削减额度扩大至300亿美元;最初每月减少投资于机构抵押贷款支持证券(MBS)的本金40亿美元,之后每3个月扩大一次(40亿美元),最终每月缩减规模扩大至200亿美元。

按照美联储的设计,今年10月13日开始减少购买机构抵押贷款支持证券(MBS),减少购买美国国债的行动将从10月31日开始。美联储希望今年10月份开启的“缩表”能够“平淡如水”,避免扰动市场,不再出现2013年“削减恐慌”时的情形。

分析人士指出,虽然今年以来美联储就加息和“缩表”与市场持续沟通,令市场提前消化了美国货币政策走向正常化所带来的影响,在FOMC第六次议息会议声明发表当天,市场也总体反映平静,但当“缩表”真正于今年10月份启动时,市场能否继续保持“平顺”,仍具有不确定性,尚需进一步跟踪观察。(原文来源:经济日报 作者:高伟东)

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