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美联储“缩表”初期难起大波澜

2017-09-20 14:52:26   中国经济网

美联储于9月19日至20日召开货币政策例会,市场普遍预期其将正式宣布削减资产负债表即“缩表”计划的启动时间和操作细节。作为美联储紧缩“弹药库”里的重量级武器,“缩表”的影响值得高度关注。不过,从已披露的操作方式和预期推进速度来看,美联储即便如期启动“缩表”,初期影响仍较为有限。

在2008年至2014年期间,美联储共实施三轮资产购买计划(QE),资产负债表规模从金融危机前的不到1万亿美元扩大至创纪录的4.5万亿美元。2014年末以来,美联储继续对到期资产进行同等规模的再投资,因而上述规模一直保持至今。

眼下美国经济已走上稳健复苏轨道,美联储步入相对稳定的加息周期。在此背景下,启动“缩表”变得越来越合理。与通过加息来提高资金成本、抑制贷款活动相比,“缩表”等于直接从市场抽离基础货币,对流动性的影响较大。更重要的是,“缩表”标志着美联储全面收紧货币政策,对市场风险情绪的打击将是巨大的。

不过,目前来看,即便美联储在本次议息会上如预期般宣布“缩表”计划,初期影响仍将有限。首先,美联储此前已就“缩表”问题与市场进行了较长时间的沟通,市场对此有充分预期。在今年3月的货币政策例会上,美联储明确表示“开始讨论缩减资产负债表”,这是其自2015年12月加息以来首次公开宣布讨论“缩表”话题。在5月的会议上,美联储进一步表示“几乎所有联邦公开市场委员会委员都赞同在2017年晚些时候启动缩表”。由此来看,只要不出现缩表规模或速度显著超出预期的极端情况,金融市场应该不会对美联储正式宣布启动“缩表”有过度反应。

其次,“缩表”方式将十分温和。美联储已表示,将“以缓慢、渐进的方式终止到期债券再投资,而不是一次性结束所有再投资或抛售资产”。在削减规模上,美联储计划最初削减规模为每月100亿美元,包括60亿美元国债和40亿美元抵押贷款证券(MBS),这一水平相对于4.5万亿美元的整体资产负债表规模而言十分有限。该规模上限每三个月上调一次,直到达到每月削减500亿美元为止,这将使美联储资产负债表规模在五年内降至2万亿-2.5万亿美元水平。考虑到“缩表”规模有限且缓冲时间较为充裕,预计市场流动性不会受到剧烈冲击。

目前美国经济增速处于2%附近,低于此前复苏周期,且今年以来美国通胀水平持续低迷,这使得美联储积极收紧货币政策的动力不足。基于当前的经济表现和通胀趋势,美联储没有必要在加息的同时积极“缩表”。

此外,美国MBS新发规模的20%-30%由美联储买入,一旦美联储停止对到期证券再投资,减少住房抵押贷款证券的持有规模,美国房地产市场可能受到冲击。同时,为推进特朗普减税和扩大基建投资的计划,美国政府需要扩大国债发行规模来融资,如果美联储此时“掣肘”,会给经济复苏带来新的不确定性。考虑到对美国自身经济增长可能造成的潜在风险,美联储不会太过激进。而一旦“缩表”导致金融市场大幅震荡或经济增长陷入停滞,也不排除美联储延缓甚至放弃行动的可能。

尽管初期影响有限,但随着“缩表”的推进,其长期冲击仍需警惕。中长期来看,“缩表”将直接影响美债供需关系,推动美债收益率上升,美债收益率正是全球资产定价的重要基准之一。此外,“缩表”将收紧美元流动性,给美元带来升值压力,考虑到资金回流美元资产等因素,新兴市场将面临更大的本币贬值和资金外流挑战。(杨博)

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