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人民币由贬转升关键是什么?社科院专家:逆周期因子作用显著

2017-09-12 08:22:30   中国经济网

 图1 人民币的非对称贬值格局在引入逆周期因子后得以扭转(数据来源:CEIC)

人民币的非对称性贬值格局,对中国政府而言,产生了两种不利后果。其一,这意味着市场上做空人民币的交易者将会稳赚不赔(美元自身走强时赚钱、美元自身走弱时保本),从而鼓励做空人民币的交易,这也意味着外汇储备将会继续流失;其二,这意味着当美元走弱时,人民币在盯住美元的同时有效汇率贬值,这容易给贸易保护主义抬头的特朗普政府以操纵汇率的口实。

正是在上述背景下,中国央行在今年5月宣布,在人民币兑美元的中间价定价机制中引入第三个因子,也即逆周期调节因子。根据今年一季度央行货币政策执行报告中的相关专栏披露,引入这个因子的目的,恰恰是为了直接对冲“参考前一日收盘价”维度时面临的国内外汇市场供求层面的持续贬值压力。根据央行的说法,之所以国内外汇市场供求层面面临持续的贬值压力,这是由于外汇交易者不理性的羊群效应所致,与中国经济不断回暖的基本面存在背离。

那么,引入逆周期调节因子的效果如何呢?

首先,我们看到,在引入逆周期调节因子之后,人民币兑美元中间价开启了一波汹涌的升值浪潮;

其次,从图2中可以看出,今年5月下旬以来人民币兑美元中间价的升值,与美元指数自身的走软可谓如影随形,存在强烈的相关性。笔者认为,在当前人民币兑美元中间价定价模型的三因子中,逆周期调节因子的引入几乎完全对冲了前一日收盘价的作用,使得参考一篮子货币汇率这个因子的作用空前凸显。换言之,今年5月下旬之后,人民币汇率定价机制,实质上相当类似于盯住一篮子的汇率制度。  

图2 2017年6月以来的人民币兑美元升值与美元指数走弱强烈相关(数据来源:CEIC)

再次,从图1中我们可以发现,从引入逆周期调节因子之后,人民币的“非对称性贬值”格局也发生了重要变化。尤其是从今年8月份以来,一方面人民币兑美元汇率中间价快速升值,另一方面人民币兑CFETS篮子汇率也有所升值(由7月底的92.7上升至9月初的94.4)。“非对称性贬值”转变为“双升”的格局。

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