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人民币由贬转升关键是什么?社科院专家:逆周期因子作用显著

2017-09-12 08:22:30   中国经济网

2015年811汇改前夕至2017年1月初,人民币兑美元汇率中间价由6.12左右贬值至6.95左右,贬值了约14%。然而,由2017年1月初至2017年9月初,人民币兑美元汇率中间价却由6.95左右反弹至6.57左右,升值了5%以上。

特别是自2017年5月中旬以来,人民币兑美元汇率更是节节上升。一时间,囤积了大量美元的出口企业开始大量结汇,兑换了不少美元的大妈们开始叫苦不迭地纷纷转为兑换人民币。市场上之前盛极一时的人民币兑美元贬值预期,一夜之间居然逆转为新一轮的人民币升值预期。如果不出意外的话,中国国际收支表的非储备性质金融账户(也即市场通常称之为的资本账户)将在2017年下半年再度转为顺差,而中国的外汇储备规模有望以更快速度回升。

造成这一转变的关键,是中国央行在今年5月份,向人民币兑美元中间价定价机制中,加入了第三个模块,也即是所谓的逆周期调节因子。

在2016年年初至2017年5月中旬之前,人民币兑美元中间价定价机制是同时参考两个因子,一是前一日人民币兑美元的收盘价,二是为了维持人民币在过去24小时内对一篮子货币汇率不变而需要的人民币兑美元变动幅度。参考前一日人民币兑美元的收盘价,其实质是参考国内外汇市场供求。参考过去24小时人民币兑一篮子货币汇率,其实质是通过维持有效汇率大致稳定来稳定外贸层面的国际竞争力,但与此同时也给短期汇率波动引入了外部的不确定性(噪声)。

然而,由于在811汇改之后,市场上形成了人民币兑美元的持续贬值预期(这种预期的形成既与经济基本面有关,也与对国内系统性金融风险上升的感觉有关,此外也与贬值预期下竞争性换汇行为的“羊群效应”有关),因此,从参考前一日人民币兑美元的收盘价维度来看,人民币兑美元汇率的中间价制定始终面临贬值压力。这一持续的贬值压力与人民币参考一篮子货币汇率相结合,就形成了独特的“非对称性贬值”格局。

当美元自身走势强劲时,要维持人民币对一篮子货币的汇率不变,就需要人民币兑美元贬值,再加上参考前一日收盘价的维度也意味着人民币兑美元贬值,因此,“前一日收盘价+篮子汇率”的双因子定价模型下,这意味着人民币兑美元汇率的快速贬值。反之,当美元自身走势疲软时,要维持人民币兑一篮子货币的汇率不变,就需要人民币兑美元升值,然而,考虑到参考前一日收盘价的维度意味着人民币兑美元贬值(国内市场上存在持续的美元供不应求),两个维度的升贬值压力大致对冲,最终的结果是人民币兑美元中间价大致维持稳定。换言之,这就形成了非对称性贬值的格局:一旦美元走强,则人民币兑篮子汇率走平,但人民币兑美元汇率贬值;而一旦美元走弱,则人民币兑美元汇率走平,但人民币兑篮子汇率贬值。如图1所示,在2016年上半年以及2017年1月至5月上旬这两段时期内,人民币兑美元汇率大致走平,但人民币兑CFETS篮子汇率呈现显著贬值;而在2016年下半年,人民币兑CFETS篮子大致稳定,但人民币兑美元汇率呈现显著贬值。    

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