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伊拉克库区执意要公投 或与经济不好有关?

2017-09-23 06:52:09   新华网

伊拉克北部库尔德自治区(库区)即将举行的独立公投虽然招致国际社会一片反对,但库区似乎不为所动,执意要公投闹独立。专家认为,库区公投背后虽然有民族主义情绪和地区势力消长变化,但更重要的因素是经济。

伊拉克石油业分析师鲁巴·胡萨里21日接受法新社采访时说,近两年,库区出现经济危机,民众生活受到很大影响,库区主席马苏德·巴尔扎尼希望借助公投转移民众注意力,从而巩固自己的权力和威信。

巴尔扎尼的任期2013年到期,议会随后将其任期延长两年,但2015年至今,在没有任何授权的情况下,他还在担任这一最高职位。

胡萨里介绍,2003年伊拉克战争以后,库区利用其丰富石油资源和安定环境吸引大量外资,尤其是来自土耳其的投资,首府埃尔比勒和第二大城市苏莱曼尼亚大兴土木,高楼大厦拔地而起,到处一片新气象。因为治安良好,经济繁荣,库区一度被媒体称作“另一个伊拉克”。

不过,好景不长。2014年国际油价出现“滑铁卢”后,严重依赖石油出口的库区陷入经济危机。极端组织“伊斯兰国”攻陷紧邻库区的大片土地,伊拉克和叙利亚上百万流离失所的库尔德人涌入库区,使当地财政雪上加霜。

打仗需要钱,安置难民需要钱,但这时候伊拉克中央政府偏偏中断了财政拨款。库区与中央政府就石油收入分配和有争议土地一向矛盾不断。2014年后,中央政府索性停止向库区发放每年120亿美元的拨款,这笔钱占库区财政收入的八成。

库区政府不得不举债应付财政开支。世界银行提供的数字显示,库区政府债台高筑,财政吃紧到发不出公务员工资。一名不愿公开姓名的库区官员告诉法新社记者,2015年开始,库区公务员减薪60%,今年七、八月份的工资一分钱还没发,连库尔德民兵的军饷都被削减。

世界银行数字显示,2013年,库区经济增长率是8%,2014年骤跌到3%,最近两年的数字还没统计出来,预计更低。世界银行去年向投资者警告说,库区政府欠外国石油公司和承包商巨额款项,“造成不确定的商业环境”。

库区的石油日产量是60万桶,其中25万桶来自库区理论管辖范围之外的基尔库克省。2014年,库尔德武装在这里赶走“伊斯兰国”后,实际占领了这一有争议地区。基尔库克省议会此前投票通过加入库区独立公投。

60万桶石油中,55万桶经由土耳其出口。库区处于内陆,没有出海口,输油管道只能借道周边国家,目前主要是土耳其。土耳其对库区独立公投反应强烈,18日起在边境地区军演,总统埃尔多安威胁制裁库区。

美国密苏里州立大学教授戴维·罗马诺认为,土耳其如果要实施经济制裁,切断输油管道,结果只能是两败俱伤。土耳其是库区最大的投资来源国,出口大量工农业产品,进口价格实惠的石油和天然气,并且还能收取“过路费”,整盘生意少说上百亿美元。经济制裁明显是“杀敌一万、自损三千”的下策。

正在纽约参加联合国大会的土耳其、伊拉克和伊朗三国外长21日发表联合声明,要求库区取消独立公投,呼吁国际社会介入,声称三国将协同应对此事。

美国国务院20日再次重申反对库区独立公投的立场。美国国务院发言人希瑟·诺尔特说,如果库区不放弃公投,接受与伊拉克中央政府谈判的“替代方案”,美国将收回对库区的支持。(王宏彬)(新华社专特稿)

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