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这在美国也是块难啃的骨头,特朗普医改屡战屡败

2017-08-08 13:32:33   瞭望智库

民主、共和两党虽然都认为奥巴马医保法案在运行过程中暴露出来一些问题需要改革,但对如何解决立场却截然不同。

民主党认为有问题,但罪不至死,共和党应与其一道共同致力于完善奥巴马医改

共和党则认为烂在根上,严重剥夺了民众的自主选择权,政府介入、提供大医保实质上是冲击了市场配置资源的自由机制,其最终导致的是大政府和效率的低下,因此应彻底废除。

在国会众议院和参议院在医改法案条款上出现分歧时,有共和党甚至提出,现在可以不去讨论最终条款,先通过一个法案,将奥巴马医改法案废除再说。民主党和部分共和党议员对此则坚决反对,认为在没有替代法案的情况下,贸然将奥巴马医保法案废除,将会置数千万美国人于没有医保的危险境地,坚持必须先有各方同意的替代法案,之后才能废除。

按照国会预算办公室(CBO)的估算,与现行法律相比,废除奥巴马医保法案将在未来十年内使额外的2400万人失去保险覆盖。美国参议院在6月公布的对应议案,估计将使2100万人失去保险。这使许多议员、尤其是来自低收入州的共和党参议员面临很大压力。

3,施政日程设计有误

上台后不到半年,特朗普在重大立法问题上未有建树的原因是其在施政日程的先后顺序上犯错:

首先,特朗普将废除奥巴马医改置于其政策日程的优先地位。

奥巴马医改的涉及面极广,本应将这块难啃的骨头放到任期的第二年或者任期的最后两年,但特朗普却反其道而行之,希望从最难的、影响面最大的法案入手,通过打赢这一关键性战役来树立自己的威信,兑现其竞选中对选民的承诺。但他显然低估了华盛顿“政治沼泽”的深度,同时也高估了自己作为总统的影响力。

相比较,特朗普入主白宫后,通过签署行政令,在能源领域、去监管化等方面,都取得了进展。他如果将推动国会批准大规模基建计划,甚至将税收制度改革作为首要施政目标,情况可能大不相同。

在基建问题上,民主和共和两党有高度共识,均认为目前美国的基础设施需要改造和升级,分歧主要在于投资规模和具体实施方式上。

民主和共和两党都认为目前美国税制弊端重重,束缚了美国企业竞争力,削弱了美国市场对国际资本的吸引力,民主党希望实施结构性改革,在降低企业税赋的同时,增加富人的所得税,而共和党则主张全面、大幅减税,富人阶层的税收也应降低,他们认为这将有助于刺激富人的投资和消费,从而带动这个社会经济活动的增加。

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