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这在美国也是块难啃的骨头,特朗普医改屡战屡败

2017-08-08 13:32:33   瞭望智库

为推动方案在参议院获得通过,有议员就提出了补偿性方案,如,联邦政府提供额外的1000亿美元,用于帮助那些失去奥巴马医保的人;允许保险公司在出售保费较高,覆盖面较广的保险品种的同时,也可以出售保费较低,但保障面也较好的保险品种。

2,党派分歧难以调和

如何改革美国的医保体系是民主与共和两党歧见最深的议题之一。分歧的根源在于理念不同。

民主党倾向于“大政府”,“奥巴马医改计划”创建的是一个由联邦政府监管的医疗保险市场,出售医疗保险的事情交由政府成立的公共保险机构去完成。

而共和党则倾向于“小政府”,主要依赖市场机制去完善医保体系。

细节上看,美国国内对奥巴马医保法案的反对声音主要集中在两个方面:

一是认为成本过高,成为美国经济无法承受之重,主张对其进行改革。医疗补助费(Medicaid)占国内生产总值的比重从1970年0.49%至2015年3.2%。与此同时,医疗保险(Medicare)支出从0.71%上升至3.58%,私人健康支出从1.44%上升至5.94% 。来自宾夕法尼亚的共和党参议员帕特·图米认为医保支出增加过快,称自20世纪60年代中期以来,医疗补助支出增长速度是经济增长的两倍,已经处于“失控”状态。

二是认为由政府大包大揽,会减少民众的工作时间和意愿,在社会“养懒汉”。跨党派的国会预算办公室(CBO)2014年的一项研究预计称,民众获得政府提供的医疗保险后,将减少工作意愿,减少工作时间,他们不再需要通过更加努力工作来赚取医疗费用。国会预算办公室(CBO)预测,到2017年,美国民众工作时间的减少将相当于全职工人减少约200万人,到2024年为减少约250万人。

但支持者却认为,随着社会进步,一个国家分配更多的资源到医疗服务将是必然趋势。医疗费用支出的增加和占GDP比重的上升有其自身必然趋势。此外,导致医疗开支成本上升的原因是奥巴马医保并没有得到切实的执行。如果奥巴马医保法案中每一条条款都得到了执行,将不会出现成本大幅增加的问题。法案的不完整执行导致了大量的低效、浪费。

对于奥巴马医保会“养懒汉”的问题,斯坦福大学的一项最新研究对此给出了不同结论:奥巴马医保法案对成年人工作时间和数量没有任何影响,认为奥巴马政府签署的医疗保健立法将推动工人脱离劳动力、劳动时间减少的预测是错误的。研究发现,国会预算办公室(CBO)2014年的研究报告中预测的情况,在随后的两年多的实际运行中,并没有得到证实。

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