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关于对撞机,杨振宁七条理由都不成立

2016-09-05 15:43:51   知识分子公众号

(五)杨先生反对的第五点理由是七十年来高能物理的大成就对人类生活没有实在的好处,未来也不会有好处。

七十年来,高能物理有许多成绩,其发展出来的技术与人类生活息息相关。没有高能物理,就没有同步辐射光源(发展自正负电子环形对撞机)、自由电子激光(发展自正负电子直线对撞机)和散裂中子源等装置,我们现在的许多生物、地质、环境、材料、凝聚态等方面的进步就无从谈起。没有高能物理,今天在医院里的很多检查与治疗(MRI,PET,癌症的放射性治疗等)就不会存在,或者不会那么先进,或者会推迟出现,许多人的生命会被缩短,生活质量会被降低。没有高能物理,就没有(或者推迟出现)触摸屏,智能手机就是一个梦想;没有高能物理,就没有WWW网页,大家就不能上网,网络经济更是无从谈起。人类从WWW网页中得到的收益,已远远大于此前对高能物理的全部投入。

中国建大加速器对我们有什么实际的好处呢?第一阶段300亿人民币的投入(2022年起,每年30亿),至少使我们可以在以下技术方面实现国产化,并领先国际:

a)高性能超导高频腔(应用于几乎所有的加速器)

b)高效率、大功率微波功率源(也可应用于雷达、广播、通讯、加速器等)

c)大型低温制冷机(也可应用于科研设施、火箭发动机、医疗设备等)

d)高速、抗辐照硅探测器、电子线路与芯片等。

同时我们还可以在精密机械、微波、真空、自动控制、数据获取与处理,计算机与网络通讯等技术方面领先国际,可以培养上千名顶尖的物理学家和工程师,引进上千名国际顶尖的科学家和工程师,形成一个国际化的科学中心。如果有第二阶段,2040年起每年70亿人民币的投入,可以带动高温超导材料、超导磁体等应用技术的实用化,并国际领先。这个产业的规模大概远远超过700亿人民币。除此之外,也许还有出人意料的新发现、新技术。至于高能物理科学发现的直接应用,目前我们无法预料,但这已经不重要了。对物质结构和基本粒子的研究,其重要性怎么强调都不为过。中国人可以嘲笑古希腊人及后来的欧洲人研究原子、天体运行规律、量子力学、希格斯粒子没有用,但最后吃苦头的还是自己。

(六)杨先生反对的第六点理由是高能所三十年来的成就不高,超大对撞机90%的工作将由非中国人来主导,诺贝尔奖也不会是中国人。

高能所从建立到现在已有四十多年,其发展主要还是最近三十多年,从建立北京正负电子对撞机开始。国家对高能所在高能物理研究方面(高能所还有天体物理、多学科及应用研究)的投入,除人员建筑、实验室及设备、研究经费之外,主要科学设施是北京正负电子对撞机(2.4亿元,1984年),北京正负电子对撞机重大改造工程(6.4亿,2004年),和大亚湾中微子实验(1.7亿,2007年)等,一共约10亿元人民币(当然1984年的2.4亿还是很多的)。与国内其它领域相比,比如杨先生提到的生物、凝聚态、天文物理等,无论是总数还是人均,都绝对不算多。这些投入取得的成果、各种国内外奖励,这里不一一列举,与国内其它领域相比,绝对不少。这点投资,与国际上比,差好几个数量级;但取得的成果,还是可以跟他们比肩的,至少我们现在是国际高能物理领域四大实验室之一(CERN,Fermi,KEK,IHEP)。

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