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关于对撞机,杨振宁七条理由都不成立

2016-09-05 15:43:51   知识分子公众号

(三)杨先生反对的第三点理由是建造超大对撞机必将大大挤压其他基础科学的经费

中国的基础研究经费目前占研发经费的比重大约是5%,国际上发达国家一般是15%。我们是发展中国家向发达国家迈进,同时又是一个大国,我认为应该逐步增加到10%,直至最后向15%迈进。所以从数字看,基础研究经费还有巨大的增长空间(大约每年1000亿人民币以上),不存在挤压其他基础科学研究经费的情况。

另一方面,增加的经费应该向哪个方面投呢?大家都知道我国的基础科学研究经费中有相当大的一个比重是用来购买仪器,而且主要是外国仪器。所以如果我们突然平均地增加基础研究经费,或向某些领域倾斜,估计会大大拉动美欧日的GDP。而如果我们花10年的时间投入300亿建造加速器,90%以上的钱会花在国内,会推动国内企业的技术进步和市场占有率,会培养成千上万的有能力自己设计与建造设备的科学家和工程师,这将大大推动我国科学仪器设备的发展,同时也会推动其它领域的发展。事实上这个投入也没有大大改变各领域的投资比例,从长期来看,是使各领域的比例与国际上基本一致(目前国内粒子物理、核物理比例严重偏低是一个事实)。国家现在提出发起和领导国际大科学工程和计划,CEPC就是一个极好的候选项目。这与发展其它基础科学也不矛盾。

(四)杨先生反对的第四点理由是高能物理学家想寻找的“超对称粒子”和“量子引力化”都未被发现,未来希望用对撞机发现猜想中的粒子也是不会成功的。

建造大型对撞机的科学目标自然不是杨先生所说的那样。在我亲手交给杨先生的《CEPC初步概念设计报告》(英文)[1]中,我们清楚地描述了科学目标。简言之,粒子物理目前的标准模型只是一个在低能情形下的有效理论,需要继续发展更深层次的理论,虽然现在已有一些超出该模型的实验证据,但需要更多的实验证据指明未来的发展方向。目前已知的标准模型中的问题,大部分与希格斯粒子有关,因此更深层次的新物理应该会从希格斯粒子处露出蛛丝马迹。CEPC可以将希格斯粒子的测量精度提高至1%左右,比LHC好10倍,这就可以确认希格斯粒子的性质,判断希格斯粒子是否与标准模型预言完全一致。同时CEPC还有望首次测量希格斯粒子的自耦合,确定希格斯场参与的真空相变的形式,这对宇宙的早期演化具有重要意义。因此,无论LHC是否发现新物理,CEPC都是需要的,这是粒子物理发展中跳不过去的一步。

如果有新的希格斯粒子耦合形式,新的伴随粒子,非点结构的希格斯粒子,或其它与标准模型的偏差,我们可以进行第二阶段,建造大型质子对撞机,直接寻找造成偏差的原因。这个原因当然可能是超对称粒子,也可能是其他粒子。对我们实验物理学家来说,我们会关心理论物理学家的预言,但绝不会依赖他们。现在就预言对撞机会发现或不会发现猜想中的粒子,有点过于武断了,这也不是国际高能物理学界的主流意见。

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