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傅莹谈南海:中国对主权高度敏感 决不许再失寸土

2016-07-08 11:57:28   观察者网

世界常听到中国领导人讲,中国是“国际秩序”的一部分。需要澄清的是,此处讲的“秩序”指的是联合国及其附属机构组成的“国际秩序”,也包括国际法原则。它或许与“美国治下的世界秩序”有重叠,但不完全重合。中国对这个由联合国主导的国际秩序有很强的归属感。中国当年参与其创立,现在是受益者、贡献者,也是改革者。用中国国家主席习近平的话来讲,中国的意图“并不是推倒重来,也不是另起炉灶”。

中国正在学习和适应伴随成长而来的高涨的国际期待,正更加主动地为改革和完善国际秩序贡献力量。例如:中国启动了亚投行,英国也加入其中。中国还提出了能更好地连接亚欧大陆的“一带一路”倡议。再比如,在安全领域,中国国家主席倡导共同安全、综合安全、合作安全与可持续安全。

目前的一大挑战是南海争议问题,中美双方陷入分歧的困境。

显然,美国更多的是从地缘竞争的角度看待和处置与中国在南海的分歧的。

从学理的角度讲,美国这样表现有其战略文化根源。在座各位对地缘政治学并不陌生,是英国议员和学者的麦金德(Halford John Mackinder)20世纪初最早提出“中心地理”学说(Heartland Theory),主张“谁控制了欧亚大陆心脏地带就掌握了世界”,这个思想影响了以欧洲为中心的地缘政治思维,乃至其后的战争与争夺。

当美国上升到称霸世界之后将重点转向海洋。美国学者斯皮克曼(Nicholas John Spykman)提出“边缘地带”理论,主张谁控制了边缘地带,谁就控制了欧亚大陆,也就掌握了世界的命运。

我回顾这一段是试图理解,美国的霸权战略基于对海上要冲的控制,由此可以了解为什么这个国家对其他国家的海上行为天生地敏感,对中国在南海扩建岛礁如此紧张。

事实上,南海总面积达350多万平方公里,而南沙群岛所有岛礁面积加起来不到20平方公里,而且远离国际航道。美国媒体无限放大中国的岛礁建设,让中国看起来有地缘政治的野心。我在美国常听到秉承“现实主义者”理念的人预测,如果中国经济持续增长,美中冲突不可避免。

然而对中国而言,尤其是中国民众,南海的核心问题是围绕处于南海四个群岛最南面的南沙群岛部分岛礁的领土主权和相关海域的争议。中国民众坚信,中国自古以来就对南沙群岛拥有主权。

中国在南沙群岛的治权二战后被日本交还中国,一直得到外界尊重,包括美国在内的许多国家的海洋勘测等事项都是向中方申请的。冷战时期有东南亚国家开始侵占南沙岛礁,甚至声称发现了“新领土”。然而,二战以后地球上哪里还有新领土可以被“发现”?后来在南海发现的油气资源使问题更加复杂化。

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