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傅莹谈南海:中国对主权高度敏感 决不许再失寸土

2016-07-08 11:57:28   观察者网

请允许我借用雷蒙德·卡佛的一句经典句式:当我们谈论秩序的时候,我们在谈论什么?

在英国和西方,人们认为当今世界秩序是由美国建立和主导的,是“美国治下的和平”(Pax Americana)。概括看这个秩序有三个支柱:一是美国或西方的价值观;二是美国主导的军事联盟;三是联合国及其下属机构组织。这个秩序有其形成的历史原因,也在现代世界发挥作用,美国作为主导者从中获利匪浅。

讨论中国对这个秩序持什么立场,首先需要搞清楚中国与之是什么关系?必须承认,所谓美国主导的世界秩序从未完全接纳中国。尽管中国经过30多年的改革开放取得巨大成功,但因与西方体制有差异,长期以来在政治上受到排斥。美国主导的军事联盟也不关心中国的安全利益,甚至在亚太对中国构成安全压力。所以至少可以认为,这个秩序在包容性上存在缺陷。

同时,这个“世界秩序”确实面临多重挑战,但并非源自中国,而主要是源于它无法为今天世界的所有复杂难题提供解决方案,有时甚至制造的问题多过解决的问题。

例如,美欧在全球推广西方价值观的做法已被证明效果不彰,尤其是在一些国家,当旧的治理体制被破坏时,新嫁接的体制却不能有效运作,权力真空引发更多混乱,甚至动荡外溢,结果带来的不是秩序,而是失序。想想看,反恐战争打响的时候,谁能想到有朝一日恐怖主义会发展到准国家形态?在阿拉伯世界燃起革命之火的时候,谁又想到后来欧洲会面临数以百万计的难民潮?

在防御领域,美国主导的军事联盟将其安全利益置于他国之上,在全球安全中引发新的矛盾,尤其在一些地区争端中导致更为复杂的局面。这如果控制不好在某种程度上也会加快失序。

全球化的进程改写了世界,同样也改变着世界力量格局。过去几十年来,我们先看到资本、技术和市场从西方发达中心向更加广泛的边缘地区扩散和转移,使较不发达国家有条件实现经济超越型发展。而现在我们也开始看到,伴随这个转移和扩散,世界权力也出现分散化的趋势。新兴国家被期待更多地参与世界事务和分担责任。

权力的分散化是当今世界的一个现实,然而,世界是否必然要走向失序?难道国际社会不能及时应对、重新构建或者是补充秩序结构?

中国作为崛起性力量,已经认识到外界对中国发挥更大国际作用的期待和关切,那么,中国是否要发起挑战,是否必然走向与美国争夺世界权力?

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