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傅莹谈南海:中国对主权高度敏感 决不许再失寸土

2016-07-08 11:57:28   观察者网

90年代中国与周边国家改善关系,经过多年努力,与存在争议的国家达成共识,我们决定通过双边谈判和平解决问题,解决之前搁置并且寻求共同开发。这个分歧没有影响东亚地区成功地走向多边合作。《南海各方行为宣言》的签署为管控好争议提供了制度框架。

然而,令中国苦恼的是周边个别国家没有遵守《宣言》的精神,试图把对中国领土的占领永久化和合法化,包括扩建设施和划分附近海域。中国在忍耐多年劝说无果后,采取了应对和强化在南海存在的举措,包括更加严格地警戒和扩建岛礁改善设施。

而美国的再平衡战略突出军事安全色彩,更多强调盟国利益,给南海地区领土争议增加了新的维度。尤其美国不断派军舰军机靠近中国岛礁,甚至进入几海里内,构成对中国军事和安全上的威胁。越来越多的中国人相信美国正在支持一些国家与中国对抗。

行动引发行动,错误判断导致相应反应。要走出因南海问题形成的安全困境,中美需要澄清彼此意图,避免误判。

中国在南海问题上的目标首先是维护主权权益。观察中国不能忽略历史维度。这个国家是在首都被帝国铁蹄践踏之下跌跌撞撞进入20世纪的,曾有一个多世纪屡遭外敌入侵、强权欺凌的屈辱经历。也正是基于此,中国人民和政府始终对涉及领土主权完整的问题抱有极强的敏感性,绝不会允许那样的事哪怕在局部重演,哪怕是寸土。也为此,我们需要足够的军事防御能力。

第二,南海有重要国际航道,中国是最主要使用者,希望它保持畅通,航行自由。中国需要提高在南海提供公共服务能力。三座大型灯塔已建成投入使用,同时我们也有海洋监测和环境保护方面的计划。

第三,中国与周边国家在南海的共同利益是维护地区和平稳定。我们没有旨在谋求地区霸权的动机和设计。中国也正同东盟国家全面有效落实《宣言》,加紧磋商“南海行为准则”,共同构建地区规则。

第四,美国在南海问题中不是争议方。根本上讲,中美都需要南海和平和保持航行自由,应该也需要逐步走向合作。

我不认为中美应该进入地缘竞争的状态。一旦开启,双方将难免陷入漫长的权利争斗,焉知其尽头不是“修昔底德陷阱”?

刚刚过去的7月1日是中国共产党建党95周年纪念日。中国国家主席、中共中央总书记做了重要讲话,提醒全党“不忘初心,继续前进”,坚守为人民服务的承诺。在讲话中,他也谈到外交政策和对国际秩序的看法,重申了中国促进世界和平与发展的外交理念,表示中国愿意与世界一道,为构建公平的国际秩序努力。

借此,让我们回到秩序的话题。在考虑未来秩序时,也许我们需要超越现有概念,提出“全球秩序”这样一个更加宏观的概念,最大限度地容纳全球治理、大国协调、多边合作、南北对话等等,把我们这个时代所需要的各种支柱和环节都包容进来,包容各个国家和地区的利益和关切。提供一个大家都能舒适地居于其中的秩序屋顶。

(作者为全国人民代表大会外事委员会主任委员,中国社科院国家全球战略智库首席专家,中国国际经济交流中心特邀副理事长)

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