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主权财富基金的“十年之惑”
2017-09-24 07:21:51 中国经济网
二、准政府机构
与商业机构的定位之惑
自成立起,特别是在加入圣地亚哥原则后,中投公司一直强调自己是以财务盈利为目标,是纯粹的商业机构。而作为中投公司子公司的中央汇金公司从成立起就是维护金融体系稳定,救助有问题金融机构的重要政策工具,并代表政府行使国有重点金融机构出资人权利,其功能类似于金融领域的国资委。为避免国有金融机构之间的关联交易披露和便利海外机构设立,汇金公司一直被定义为一家准政府机构。由于商业机构和准政府机构之间目标导向、机构文化的差别,使得两者在经营策略的实施和风险管理等方面存在迥然差异。因此,这一组织结构产生的困惑是——作为商业机构的中投公司怎么能控股一家准政府机构性质的汇金公司?
这一问题的影响并不局限于理论层面的自相矛盾,更多体现中投公司的对外投资面临重重法律障碍,特别是中投公司在美国的投资深受困扰。根据美国《银行控股公司法案》,中投公司被界定为银行控股公司。这就使得中投公司的投资活动受到一系列法律限制。在2008年金融危机后,随着“沃尔克规则”的推出,银行以及银行控股公司利用自身资本从事自营交易以及涉足对冲基金、私募基金等高风险业务的行为被禁止。由于受“沃尔克规则”的限制,中投公司在海外的投资,尤其是对金融机构的投资,自身发起设立基金以及募集管理第三方资金等诸多方面都面临法律障碍,遇到了许多的麻烦。
中投对摩根士丹利公司的投资便是其中一例。在金融危机期间,摩根士丹利公司受到冲击而濒临倒闭,中投公司2007年购买56亿美元可转债。在“沃尔克规则颁布前后,中投公司为避免达到10%的被认定为金融控股公司的警戒线,被迫以亏损价格出售资产,以至于损失无法挽回。
早在2011年,实务界曾广泛讨论“金融国资委”与中投分拆。时至今日,中投却仍维持现有架构。展望未来,如何重新设计合理的组织架构,适应更加积极的对外投资需要,也是摆在政策制定者面前的一道课题。
三、公开市场与
非公开市场配置的困惑
主权财富基金的资产配置决策就是把主权财富分配到不同的资产类别中,以达到分散风险、确保收益的目的。其中战略资产配置决策反映主权财富基金的长期投资目标和政策,主要在投资期期初确定各资产类别(权益资产、固定收益资产、另类资产)的优化配置比例,是控制整体投资风险并满足投资收益率目标的最重要决策。然而,由于风险容忍度、预期收益、流动性要求、投资成本、专业技能、风险管理水平、国家需求等方面的差异,各国主权财富基金的战略资产配置不尽相同。
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