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标普调低中国主权信用评级理由不充分
2017-09-22 20:41:57 中国经济网
9月21日,继国际评级公司穆迪下调中国主权评级后,标普公司宣布将中国长期主权信用评级从“AA-”下调至“A+”,短期主权信用评级从“A-1+”下调至“A-1”。长期评级的展望为稳定。标普在新闻稿中称,中国2009年以来信贷增长速度常常高于收入增速,这在一定程度上削弱了金融稳定性,预计未来两到三年的信贷增长速度仍不低,会继续推动金融风险逐步上升。我们认为标普的评级结果不客观,给出的理由不充分,在方法上有局限,在对中国经济金融的判断和认识上有偏差。
首先,标普没有看到经济发展的本质和本源。按照目前的西方经济学理论,经济发展的水平和规模基本上由消费决定,包括居民和非居民对本国产品和服务的消费。换句话说,人口总量和人均消费水平是决定经济发展的根本因素。中国有世界上规模最大的人口。经过多年的经济发展,中国人民的消费水平虽然逐年提升,部分富裕人群甚至出现边际消费倾向递减,但总体上还有很大一部分人群需要更多的消费品,需要进行消费升级,特别是广大的三四线城市和农村地区。这就是中国经济具有强劲韧性的基础,未来仍有巨大发展空间。中国市场的巨大需求可以支撑任何细分产品的企业化生产,而中国也是世界上唯一建立了门类齐全的工业体系的国家,这是实体经济的根本,长远看也是经济实力的根本。某一时期信贷总量的波动不会影响中国经济发展的根本。
其次,标普没有看到中国经济金融的发展特点。改革开放以来,虽然直接融资取得了长足发展,但中国的金融结构仍然以间接融资为主,银行贷款一直在全社会融资中占据主体地位。这点与很多西方国家不同,不具有直接可比性,应结合一国具体情况来分析。目前我国人民币贷款增速保持在合理范围,一方面经济改善背景下非金融企业贷款需求回升,另一方面监管趋严背景下表外融资渠道受限,部分需求转回表内。当前以及未来贷款需求的增长具有实体经济支撑,而且随着影子银行比重的降低,金融体系风险更加可控。只要审慎放贷,加强管理,做好风险防控,中国金融体系的稳健性就有保证。在前些年信贷强劲增长的情况下,目前中国银行业不良贷款总体上得到较好控制。而且,各国加杠杆去杠杆的周期不尽一致,不能拿一个标准去套。此外,中国经济金融历来是在发展中解决问题,应以动态和发展的眼光来观察。
再次,标普没有看到中国政府的努力和决心。中国政府以经济持续稳健发展为目标,以满足人民日益增长的物质文化需求为已任。在坚持发展主基调的同时,中国政府一直密切关注并及时校正经济发展中存在的问题。正是看到了问题所在,中国政府坚决贯彻供给侧结构性改革,实施创新驱动发展战略,实行稳健的货币政策,坚持去杠杆,不搞“大水漫灌”式强刺激,货币增速正在逐步回落。截至8月末,M2同比增长8.9%,远低于10年来的平均增速。中央金融工作会议确定服务实体经济、防范金融风险、深化改革创新三项主要任务,一行三会随即行动起来,发布了一系列文件,强调去杠杆防风险,并对一些重要的金融风险领域进行了强力整顿,同业业务、理财业务、资管业务成为2017年银行监管的重点。这些都将有效化解金融风险,保证金融体系的稳定性和服务实体经济的可持续性。此外,中国政府不断调整优化经济结构,针对宏观经济运行中的一些突出矛盾和问题,比如房地产市场发展、地方政府举债、环境污染、“两高一剩”行业、互联网金融乱象等,制定了一些列措施进行调控、规范和治理,并取得了显著成效。未来,随着结构调整和治理整顿的深入推进,中国经济内生增长的活力将进一步提高,经济增长的韧性不断增强,在经济增长的同时完全可以保持货币信贷的合理增长。而且,中国政府在以前财政状况不大理想的时候,也从来没有出现信用违约,从来都是及时归还外债。
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