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奋进中的洋河

2017-09-08 21:21:53   中国经济网

笔者曾在《解密洋河高成长》(刊发于2016年4月29日的《证券市场周刊》)一文中谈到,“十年间,洋河股份迅速成长为白酒行业三强,在品牌、产品等并不具备先天优势的情况下,其高成长的秘诀在于大股东和管理层相互制衡的较为理想的股权结构及其带来的强大执行力”,并提出个人看法“若五粮液不尽快在股权结构及管理机制上做出重大改革,洋河很可能会在未来三五年内,从营收和净利润上全面超越五粮液,成为中国白酒业浓香老大。”

很遗憾,该文发表后一年时间,洋河营收与五粮液营收差距却拉大了,从2016年中报占五粮液营收的77%,扩大为2017年中报的74%。与此同时,洋河市值也从当时约为五粮液的96%,落后为现在约为五粮液的63%。上述推断,越来越接近被打脸。

然而,通过思考茅五洋的竞争格局及对半年报的阅读,笔者不打算改变上述观点。

因为笔者认为,人的大脑更容易被近期事件左右,而忘记上市以来,洋河成长更快的长期事实。比如,最近一年,五粮液和老窖股价上涨更快的原因,可能是市场仅仅注意到近期净利润增速更快,而忘记或故意忽略增速快是因为前期跌幅更大;最近一年,五粮液和老窖业绩增速更快的原因,可能是茅台火爆到断货,使高端酒对渠道和营销的依赖显著降低,洋河优势无从体现,而五粮液和老窖这方面的优势得以掩盖;最近一年,五粮液和老窖业绩营收上升相对更快的原因,可能是因为它们只是找回以前失去的老市场,而洋河则已经在开辟新市场,面临的难度不同。但是,伴随着五粮液收复2013年中高点,伴随着老窖或许在下个中报前全面收复失地,它们也将同样面临开疆拓土的难题。那时,体制优势就会通过渠道掌控力、执行力以及人的主观能动性体现出来。

体制优势,就是洋河的管理层以及核心员工持有约24%的洋河股份,市值超过300亿元。公司的发展与高管及核心员工的利益休戚相关。这一优势,不仅五粮液、老窖没有,甚至连茅台也不具备。这种利益传导体系,绝非把刘中国变成李曙光、谢明改为刘淼就可以轻易撼动的,背后涉及到无数张庞大的网络,网络上每根线头都与一大群人利益攸关。

比如,洋河的管理层可以费尽心思,将暂时用不上的资金拿去做各种各样的理财,总额高达百亿元,包括一年内到期的非流动资产6.4亿元,其他流动资产里短期理财82.8亿元,其他非流动资产里超过一年期的理财产品10.3亿元。半年百亿元营收的经营规模,洋河只需保留不到14亿元的银行存款。而营收规模仅高出约35%的五粮液,却保留着超过25倍、总量约345亿元的银行存款。连营收规模远小于洋河的泸州老窖,也保有近43亿元银行存款。

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