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货币资金,现金为王

2017-08-28 19:11:01   中国经济网

除分红外,这些“不差钱”的公司,还大量进行投资。

在2016年年报里,中国平安直接或者间接控股的子公司、孙公司多达88个。中国石化不断优化投资项目,2016年资本支出达到了764.56亿元。

此外,近900家上市公司在2016年进行了理财,总金额超过1万亿元。其中,中国神华购买理财产品310亿元,中国动力超过130亿元。银行理财期限短、流动性强,对上市公司资金运用限制少,是上市公司资金配置的重要领域,更是追求稳健投资的央企、国企的标配。理财产品的火热,从另外一个侧面也反映出投资实体经济风险较高,脱虚向实依旧任重道远。

还有一部分资金用于科研。如中国石化全年申请境内外专利5612件,获得境内外专利授权3942件;获国家技术发明二等奖4项;获中国专利金奖1项、优秀奖9项。研发费用开支超过59亿元。上汽集团的研发费用多达94亿元。

通过以上分析,我们可以得出一个结论:非金融、建筑类的企业,现金越多越好。反之,金融和建筑类的企业,现金多了就不好吗?当然不是,只是它们的情况更加复杂,不能单纯的用现金这一个指标来判断。

 缺钱的苦恼

几家欢乐几家愁,在巨头们现金充足的时候,也有很多上市公司因为筹不到钱而殚精竭虑。2016年的年报中,排除货币资金余额为零的银行,货币资金排在倒数前25位的公司中,有10家是ST,因此用缺钱这个指标排除投资对象是非常简单可行的手段。

倒数第一的是仰帆控股,账面仅有44.5万元现金,而近期需要支付的工资就100多万元,年报提及管理费用降低的原因的时候,竟然是因为研发人员薪酬降低所致。由于流动负债大于流动资产,会计事务所干脆在审计后的年报里提出了持续经营能力存在重大不确定性的审计意见。这家公司穷到什么地步?在年报中苦口婆心的劝告投资者:上海奥柏内燃机配件有限公司是公司目前唯一正常经营的子公司,主营内燃机配件的制造和销售,但该公司的经营规模较小,同时受上游企业的景气度影响较大, 2016年度因经营成本上升,该公司已经出现了亏损……公司未来的发展存在一定的不确定性。

中国石化旗下的另一家上市公司—泰山石油,2016年年报中货币资金只有1685万元,只占总资产的1.55%,又是怎么回事?这就和大型集团企业的资金管理机制有关了。国内绝大部分集团企业都实施类似政府机关的“收支两条线”政策,收入户和支出户分离,销售商品的收入和进货的支出分别管理,所有开支实行资金申请制度。这种资金管理模式在整个集团层面大大减少现金持有成本,加速资金周转,提高资金使用效率。因此,泰山石油属于上市公司中的特例,并非真的“缺钱”(根据证监会的有关规定,泰山石油并没有实施真正的“收支两条线”,但是由于泰山石油本质上是中国石化下属的一家地市级分公司,从董事长到中层到管理人员均由中国石化任命。其严格的资金、购销管理体系多次导致了小股东的不满,尽管如此,泰山石油仍然被中国石化当做地市公司严加看管)。

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