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货币资金,现金为王

2017-08-28 19:11:01   中国经济网

 扑朔迷离的其他货币资金

笔者在从事上市公司报表工作的时候,为了财务指标更好看,曾经开创性的把一部分其他应收款放进了“其他货币资金”,并获得某四大事务所的认可。这些其他货币资金主要是个人借款性质的备用金和保证金,因为基层网点众多,汇总后的总额也比较多。如果放在其他应收款,超过一定年限是需要计提坏账准备的,但放进其他货币资金则无需计提坏账准备,并能增加现金额。

在其他货币资金里,通常项目包括但不局限于:被司法机关冻结的存款;被质押的存款;根据借款合同约定的某账户中必须保持的最低存款余额;公司信用卡账户存款;为了开具银行本票、银行汇票、银行承兑汇票、信用证而存入银行的保证金;保险公司的资本金存款等项目。这些都是变现能力比较差的货币资金,有些甚至存在着重大变现风险。因此,在阅读年报的货币资金项目时,必须留意其他货币资金的占比。

 如何通过货币资金排雷

货币资金是比较简单的用来甄别上市公司质地的财务指标之一,如何应用这个指标避免地雷呢?以笔者的经验,可以从偿债能力方面考虑。

上文主要从货币资金的绝对额角度分析了几家不差钱的公司,实际操作中,绝大多数上市公司没有如此巨额的货币资金,如何判断公司是否值得投资?就要结合负债尤其是短期负债情况来对比,货币资金大于或者远远大于短期负债的公司通常是质地优良的。

如果看到以下几种情况一定要小心:

一是货币资金余额比短期负债小很多的。说明公司短期偿债存在问题的,比如仰帆控股的应付职工薪酬远大于现金,员工们正在拿着工资单哭泣。

二货币资金绝对额比较大,却借了很多有息甚至是高息负债的;定期存款很多,其他货币资金很多,流动资金却严重缺乏的——说明公司货币资金其实大部分是被冻结的。打开乐视网的资产负债表,发现2016年货币资金超过36.6亿元,同时却有26亿元的短期借款,应付账款,也有54.2亿元。在持有大额现金的情况下还有如此高额的短期借款,显然是不合常理的,我们甚至不需要再去核对融资成本、现金流情况就可以做出判断:其货币资金的变现能力是可疑的。事实上,乐视网停牌后发生的故事也印证了这一点。

三是其他货币资金数额巨大,并且没有合理解释的。比如中兴通讯2016年财报中,其他货币资金超过10亿元,根据年报披露,其中大约6400万元的现金使用受到限制。

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