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盈亏平衡价格不断下滑 未来油价“上顶下底”格局延续

2017-07-01 23:43:12    经济参考报

原油作为对全球影响最大的一种商品,不仅在全球现货贸易中占据相当重要的比重,同时也与世界各国的政治、经济等密切相关,原油价格同时受商品属性和金融属性两大因素的交替作用。商品属性大多跟某个品种或领域的微观影响因素相关,其中最重要的就是供需关系;金融属性则大多跟宏观影响因素相关,比如汇率、政治、经济等。因此,我们认为石油价格的主要影响因素为需求、供给以及美元变化。

全球石油需求长期增速降低。受全球经济疲弱、中国经济转型等因素影响,全球经济难有超预期的增长,随着技术创新,未来能源效率提升,清洁能源需求增多,预计未来对石油的需求将不复强劲。

从供给端看,石油枯竭论中长期内不再成立。根据BP公司预计,按照目前技术可供开采的石油储量为2.6万亿桶,到2035年的累计需求量为0.7万亿桶,而到2050年累计需求量也仅在1.3万亿桶左右,也就是说目前技术可开采的石油产量是未来34年累计需求量的2倍以上,石油供应十分充足。

美元可能的升值会进一步压制油价。美国目前经济增长强劲,考虑到在下次危机发生时留出必要的降息空间,美联储有可能快速加息,从而使得美元指数再次走强。考虑到美国占全球经济规模有所降低,而且此次美国经济复苏强度不及美元周期前两轮牛市时的强势,我们判断此次美元指数的峰值在110左右,美元升值带来的计价效应将进一步压制油价。

石油价格长期内形成“上顶下底”格局。在需求端短期内难以看到大的增长情况下,原油的价格主要取决于石油供给端各方的博弈,在于边际成本的变动。尽管美国页岩油、中东陆上石油的盈亏平衡点位于29美元/桶左右,但低成本的产量并不能满足所有的需求。从近一年来的油价低点看,43美元/桶成为市场的地板价,如果考虑未来美元的升值影响,38.7美元/桶将成为油价的钻石底。同时,美国页岩油大概率不能在较低的成本下实现大量增产,随着产量增加也将面临成本的上升;假设原油价格上升至55美元/桶以上时,这将大于几个主要产油国的财政盈亏平衡价格,“囚徒困境”下可能使OPEC的减产协议失效,而且考虑到各种产油方式的竞争,油价显然不能在55美元/桶以上持续很久,但考虑到市场的过冲效应,油价的顶部预计在60美元/桶左右。

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