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央广《王冠红人馆》财经报告:集体建设用地可建租赁房,重大变革有何指向?

2017-09-06 17:31:44   央广网

对于此次试点方案,新华社评论称这一新的土地政策有利于我国供给侧结构性改革,可为城市住房租赁市场开辟新的天地;有利于降低城市租赁住房成本,缓解年轻人的生活压力;有利于农村集体经济组织和农民增加土地收益。落实试点方案要着眼于放大上述三大红利。

三、前瞻--政策开放利好 配套管理是挑战

  决不能和小产权混为一谈,严格禁止以租代售

网上有少数人将此次试点与"小产权房"挂钩,而实际上集体租赁住房与"小产权房"有本质区别。一个是依法依规,一个违法违规,不能混为一谈。"小产权房"本身就不是一个法律概念,既涉及违法用地,又涉及违法建设和违法销售,产权不受法律保护。

在本次发布的《方案》中,特别提到包括"以存量土地为主,不得占用耕地,增加住房有效供给","确保集体经济组织自愿实施、自主运作"、"村镇集体经济组织可以自行开发运营,也可以通过联营、入股等方式建设运营集体租赁住房;"以及"集体租赁住房出租,不得以租代售。承租的集体租赁住房,不得转租。"等细则,同时对于在集体建设用地建设租赁住房中的"承租人可按照国家有关规定凭登记备案的住房租赁合同依法申领居住证,享受规定的基本公共服务"等等。这也说明,两部委发布试点《方案》,坚持放管并举,绝无给小产权房松绑之意。

 地方政府让利,配套管理更要跟上

按照集体建设用地建租赁住房的试点方案来看,政府让渡了巨额的土地出让金之后,相应的市政规划建设和配套基础服务乃至房屋质量监管怎么办?房子或许说建就能建,但房屋安全、配套设施等细节问题是试点能否真正利民惠民,让这些闲置存量真正转起来活起来的关键。这些后续的细节工作当地政府如何协调好,是试点地区政府的一项新挑战。

此外,从政策上看,投资审批的环节打通了,但是在融资渠道上仍有一些困难之处。《方案》规定在集体建设用地上建设的是"租赁住房",只租不售,因此房屋所有权没有流通性,不能成为抵押物;加之"不得转租",使用权也没有流通性。当所有权和使用权都被冻结时,连"商品"都算不上,因此没有抵押贷款融资的可能。尽管住房具有使用价值和现金收益,未来租金收益可以进行质押贷款融资,但这只是在法理上成立,实际上未必行得通。

据2016年国家统计局数据,北京住房租售比平均为1:662,即52年租金可以收回房屋总价。假设在集体土地上建设住房成本降低一半,租赁价格不变,大约26年租金可收回成本,若加上建设资本利息约为40年。若以租金质押融资,意味着房屋业主--村集体在40年内无任何净收入,期间所有租金收入都要先归银行。而银行也不划算,40年后才能收回本息。在13个试点城市中,租售比最低的成都也要22年。这样龟速的贷款回收速度,银行是否有兴趣介入也是重要前提因素。

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