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李宇嘉:集体土地建租赁房是统一用地市场改革重大突破

2017-09-05 07:42:16   中国经济网

集体土地入市改革又有了新动向——上周,国土部和住建部下发《利用集体建设用地建设租赁住房试点方案》,决定在北京、上海等13个超大或大城市先行试点。

该方案核心内容是,“试点城市村镇集体经济组织,可自行开发运营,也可通过联营、入股等方式,建设运营集体租赁住房”。

目前,业内对该方案有几大关注焦点:一是低成本、体量大的集体土地渐进进入市场,能否对冲并实现高房价“软着陆”;二是以低成本用地吸引市场机构参与,建设规模化、配套完善的租赁住房,会不会契合新市民住房需求;三是绕过“征地”这个过去集体土地市场化的必经环节,真正实现同地同权、同等入市,能否成为建设城乡统一的建设用地市场、同享城市化红利的有效路径。

集体土地入市,建设城乡统一的建设用地市场,这是党的十八届三中全会《决定》提出的改革目标。其中特别强调,允许农村集体经营性建设用地出让、租赁、入股,实行与国有土地同等入市、同价同权。

此后,本着同地同权的原则,集体土地入市的一系列改革展开,如全国多个试点地区开展存量集体建设用地使用权挂牌出让、“两权”抵押(即承包地经营权、农民住房财产权抵押)、改革征地模式(缩小征地范围、提高补偿标准)等。但是,囿于土地的兜底功能、担心“房地产化”、担心资本侵害弱势农民利益等顾虑,改革始终是在现有征地模式下作技术性的修修补补。

近十几年来,工业化、城市化快速推进,城市边界往往出现“摊大饼”式的扩张。通过征地补偿、宅基地腾退,大城市外围或城郊结合部通常有大量集体建设用地。比如,北上广现有建设用地,国有和集体产权大约各占50%。2016年以来,大城市房价又上台阶,即便是外围,商品房价格也出现较大涨幅。

在严格的土地用途管制下,加上房地产又是集体土地入市最大“禁区”,城郊结合部控制“房地产化”出台了一系列举措(如绿化隔离),导致相邻的国有和集体土地出现了巨大的“级差地租”。土地巨大红利的刺激,加上外来人口涌入,让城郊结合部“小产权房”遍地开花。

由此也产生许多很严重的问题,如城市病突出、消防安全隐患严重等。在知名的蚁族聚集地——海淀区唐家岭,试点公租房建设之前,由于其占据核心位置,造成区域交通常常瘫痪,而野蛮生长的“瓦片经济”也导致巨大安全隐患。

另一方面,点状分布的集体用地和城中村,阻断了土地成片利用和统一规划,也阻断了公共服务网状链接,造成城市供地短缺和功能阻断。更为严重的是,一边是大城市供地完成率连年下降,一线城市近5年供地完成率不足60%,土地征用成本高、周期长,倒逼房价螺旋上涨,住房供应嗷嗷待哺;一边却是城市周边乃至城区又有大量闲置低效、违法使用、乱象丛生的供地、交易存在,农民无法享受土地溢价红利。

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