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社会保险基金属于贪污罪中的“特定款物”
2017-08-28 08:21:53 中国青年网
第一,加大社会保险基金的刑法保护对于确保人民群众参加社会保险和享受社会保险待遇、共享社会发展成果,促进社会和谐稳定具有重要意义。国家建立基本养老保险、基本医疗保险、工伤保险、失业保险、生育保险等社会保险制度的目的,是保障公民在年老、疾病、工伤、失业、生育等情况下依法从国家和社会获得物质帮助的权利。根据我国社会保险法规定,社会保险基金有基本养老保险基金(含企业职工基本养老保险金、城乡居民基本养老保险金)、基本医疗保险基金(含企业职工基本医疗保险金、城乡居民基本医疗保险金)、工伤保险基金、失业保险基金、生育保险基金。基本养老保险等五种社会保险基金性质相同、作用类似,适用统一的运营模式与监督管理制度,按照预算法规定纳入预决算统一管理。社会保险基金部分来自政府财政拨付,部分来自公民个人自缴和单位缴纳的费用,其征收征缴、发放、管理、投资运营等均由各级人民政府社会保险机构具体负责。根据有关规定,社会保险经办机构根据工作需要,经所在地的社会保险行政主管部门和机构编制管理机关批准,可以在本统筹地区设立分支机构和服务网点,具体负责办理统筹地区社会保险相关事宜。社会保险法明确规定,社会保险基金专款专用,任何组织和个人不得侵占或者挪用。可见,《批复》从严惩治贪污社会保险基金的行为具有现实必要性和法律依据。
第二,考虑司法实践需要,强调《批复》的合理性和可操作性。征求意见过程中,考虑的基本原则是,对于能归入《解释》第1条第2款第1项规定的九类特定款物的,按照司法解释的规定予以认定;对于不能认定为《解释》第1条第2款第1项规定的九类特定款物的,本着求同存异的原则,对达成共识意见的制作批复予以明确,对未形成共识的问题作进一步继续研究。
经广泛征求意见,各方面达成共识认为:养老、医疗、工伤、失业、生育等社会保险基金的性质、用途特殊,这些基金与《解释》第1条第2款第1项明确规定的“救灾、抢险、防汛、优抚、扶贫、移民、救济、防疫、社会捐助”九类特定款物具有实质相当性。基于此,《批复》第1款明确规定:养老、医疗、工伤、失业、生育等社会保险基金可以认定为《解释》第1条第2款第1项规定的“特定款物”。值得注意的是,随着我国社会经济发展,社会保险制度也在逐步完善,如根据2016年1月国务院《关于整合城乡居民基本医疗保险制度的意见》,我国绝大多数省份都已将城镇居民医疗保险和新农合基金统一整合为城乡居民基本医疗保险基金,城乡二元化的社会保险模式逐步走向统一。因此,我们认为,对于贪污新农合基金的行为也应当适用《批复》。
三是根据罪刑法定原则要求,明确《解释》第1条第2款第1项的适用范围。《批复》根据罪刑法定的要求,进一步明确了《解释》第1条第2款第1项的适用范围。根据刑法第384条第2款规定,挪用用于救灾、抢险、防汛、优抚、扶贫、移民、救济款物归个人使用的,从重处罚。挪用公款罪从重处罚情节中,特定款物的范围非常明确,仅指“救灾、抢险、防汛、优抚、扶贫、移民、救济”七种特定款物。根据《解释》和《批复》规定,贪污“特定款物”从重处罚的范围,明确列举的有10类,即“救灾、抢险、防汛、优抚、扶贫、移民、救济、防疫、社会捐助,以及养老、医疗、工伤、失业、生育等社会保险基金”。基于上述考虑,《批复》第2款明确规定,根据刑法和有关司法解释规定,贪污罪和挪用公款罪中的“特定款物”的范围有所不同,实践中应注意区分,依法适用。
(作者单位:最高人民检察院法律政策研究室)
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