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华安基金:周期板块的回归

2017-08-28 06:50:46   中国经济网

⊙华安动态灵活、华安安信消费

基金经理 蒋璆

笔者曾做过一个统计:上证综指自2007年6124点的历史高点至今的跌幅达47%,当时全市场1464只股票中有91.5%后续创出了新高,涨幅居前的个股主要集中在家电、医药、食品饮料等消费行业,以及电子、计算机、通信等TMT行业。与之形成鲜明对照的是,钢铁、煤炭、有色等强周期行业的指数跌幅却仍在50%以上,背后的原因是原材料价格的持续低迷和企业盈利的大幅下滑甚至亏损。

关于周期行业盈利持续衰退的原因,市场存在的一个误解是中国经济转型发展所致。但若仔细分析供需数据,我们会发现2008年至2016年间的终端需求增速其实还是维持在一个相当高的水平。显然,原材料价格的一路下滑必然是供给端出了问题。

我们观察了周期行业的固定资产投资和产量数据。2008年钢铁行业的CAPEX增速仍高达24.2%,随之而来的大量新增产能的释放,导致产品严重供过于求。产能利用率下行不断侵蚀企业盈利,直至全行业陷于亏损边缘。煤炭和化工等其他周期行业的发展路径也非常类似。因此,我们的结论是,产能的无序扩张而非需求萎缩才是过去10年周期行业景气低迷的根本原因。

但是,事情正在悄悄地发生变化。一是朱格拉周期的触底回升。钢铁行业的固定资产投资增速自2012年起连续5年负增长,粗钢产量从2014年后进入平稳状态,煤炭行业的固定资产投资也在2012年创出历史新高,之后原煤产量增速也是持续下行。二是从2015年开始,中央大力推进以“去产能、去库存、去杠杆、降成本、补短板”为重点的供给侧结构性改革,叠加环保监管的加严,使得钢铁及煤炭等强周期行业的过剩及落后产能逐渐出清。

从盈利角度看,供给侧结构性改革已取得了阶段性效果,以钢铁、煤炭、有色金属为代表的周期行业盈利能力已显著改善。据国家统计局数据,钢铁行业利润在2016年同比增长232%、2017年上半年增长96%;煤炭行业利润2016年增长223%、2017年上半年增长1968%;有色行业今年上半年的利润增长也在50%左右。

鉴于供给侧结构性改革政策将持续推进,笔者判断这些强周期行业有望长时间赚取一个比较可观的盈利,相应上市公司的业绩波动性会较以前大幅下降,周期板块将从长期的无人问津重回投资者视野。

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