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当代西方马克思主义研究的“三重回归”
2017-08-22 15:26:45 中国青年网
在哈特和奈格里看来,当代资本主义帝国的扩张已经超越了传统的做法,并不是对非帝国范围的简单蚕食和外在扩张。尽管他们对帝国的批判使用的仍然是马克思的政治经济学批判话语,但是对如何走出当代资本主义帝国的藩篱,实现未来社会理想,他们却创新了一个相当抽象的“共有”(Common)概念,并把“共有”作为未来生产根基。
当代西方马克思主义重新开始思考马克思的政治经济学批判,实质上所针对的就是当代资本主义存在的矛盾,在具体层面上剖析资本主义的现实,并探索可能的社会主义出路。
在当代西方马克思主义的新政治经济学批判中,法国经济学家、思想家皮凯蒂颇有影响,他所著的热门书《21世纪资本论》,通过对当代资本主义的具体表象批判,得出了本质上与马克思类似的结论。在批判方法上,皮凯蒂的方法虽然与马克思对资本主义生产方式和生产关系的剖析不尽一致,但是皮凯蒂使用的财富分配不平等分析,是从历史而不是从所谓“纯粹的科学”来思考当代的经济学。尽管皮凯蒂最后的结论将全球阶级分化和不平等问题归结为不均衡的分配,不如马克思归结为资本主义生产方式的内在矛盾的结论那样深刻。但是,皮凯蒂的财富分配不平等分析的话语表达更容易为大众所接受,这已经代表全球金融危机之后西方马克思主义的“最新表达式”。这种“最新表达式”激发越来越多的思想家开始关注资本主义经济本身造成的政治不平等问题,这是一种马克思主义新政治经济学批判。
新共产主义理想回归
西方马克思主义从经典西方马克思主义的文化哲学转向当代西方马克思主义生命政治学批判——力图建立一种新的共产主义概念,来解决作为个体进入共产主义社会的合法性的问题。
当代西方马克思主义生命政治学批判起源于法国学者福轲的《必须保卫社会》《安全、领土和人口》和《生命政治的诞生》。福轲主要是从规训与惩罚的微观视角研究“使人活和让人死”的安全机制和权力治理问题。当代学者哈特和奈格里、阿甘本、艾斯波西和当娜·哈拉维等人把身体政治、文化、权利和权力纳入生命政治学研究,提出了生命政治学批判视野下的共产主义理论新思考,说明共产主义在今天并未过时,共产主义的根基实质上是共同性,一种不基于血缘关系和家族关系乃至宗教关系所建立起来的具有普适性的“自由人联合的”共同体。新自由主义就是一种现代生命政治,在资本主义社会中最根本的社会关系就是以雇佣劳动为中心的社会生产关系和以货币为中心的社会交换关系。在这两种关系环境里,现代生命政治生产是出于自利算计的自由个体,妨碍形成“自由人联合的”共同体。所以,实现共产主义一方面需要以政治经济学批判为基础对社会关系进行革命和改造;另一方面需要以生命政治学批判为基础对“理性经济人”的所谓自由个体进行革命和改造。前者为实现共产主义创造现实的客观条件;后者为实现共产主义创造现实的主观条件,即主体条件。
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