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三百里滇池艰难重生路

2017-08-22 04:17:09   中国青年网

治污救赎

亡羊补牢,昆明人从20世纪90年代就开始了拯救滇池的行动。

据昆明市副市长王道兴通报,国家自“九五”以来连续4个“五年计划”都将滇池纳入全国重点流域治理规划,昆明共完成滇池治理规划项目总投资509亿元。“九五”和“十五”期间,以点源污染控制为主的阶段投资47.6亿元,滇池治理仅是“还旧账”,污染的发展趋势并未得到有效遏制。“十一五”和“十二五”流域系统治理的阶段投资461.56亿元,实施了以“六大工程”为主线的流域综合治理措施。

2004年,刚成立的滇池生态研究所与清华大学合作调查滇池湿地,发现环湖周边仅剩2000亩湿地,双方合作制定了滇池湖滨生态湿地建设的详细规划。2007年,该所与滇池管理局提出了滇池湖滨“四退三还”规划。这些规划为昆明市治理滇池行动提供了科学依据。年轻的何峰为自己参加了这些调查和规划而自豪。

“你看这些水面上盛开的白色海菜花,这是水质好的表现,有了这些水生植物,蓝藻就长不起来。”何峰站在草海大泊口水边告诉记者。在这片水面上,海菜花等水生植物成片生长,荷叶随风摇晃,10多只白鹭和苍鹭在水面上悠闲地张望着。

草海是紧靠昆明主城区的内海,曾是水质最差的水域,去年草海和滇池外海水质均由劣Ⅴ类提升为Ⅴ类,近20年来首次摘掉了“劣”的帽子。邻近草海大堤的大泊口水域是滇池生态研究所开展的生态修复工程示范区,目前已达到Ⅳ类水质。

何峰将2004年他参加工作时的滇池与现在的滇池作了比较,发生蓝藻水华的时间从3月至11月缩短到6月至9月,现在蓝藻最严重的区域浓度只有原来最严重区域的十分之一,表明滇池水质企稳向好。随着滇池生态环境的改善,生物多样性在恢复,水生植物种类从过去的232种增加到290种,鸟类从80多种增加到138种,鱼类达到23种,一些消失多年的水生植物、金线鲃、滇池银白鱼等土著鱼类和濒临灭绝的国家珍稀鸟类彩鹮、白眉鸭又在滇池出现。

艰难重生

滇池的凤凰涅槃重生之路是艰难曲折的。昆明市环保局的监测数据显示,今年1月至5月,滇池全湖水质为Ⅴ类,为中度富营养状态,同时蓝藻数量较往年偏高,造成外海透明度下降、叶绿素升高。

何峰认为,滇池今年1月至5月的Ⅴ类水质仍然比几年前的劣Ⅴ类要好,但比去年同期的Ⅳ类水质较差。因为今年冬春气温比去年同期偏高,“暖冬”特殊气候促进了蓝藻的生长。这些情况说明滇池保护的形势依然严峻。

“滇池治理集中了世界上所有受污染湖泊的困难因素,是一个世界性的难题。”吴静然告诉记者。地处城市下游、没有清洁水补给、平均水深5.3米的宽浅型湖泊、水底置换周期长、资金投入不足等障碍,都使滇池重生之路步履维艰。

在治污过程中,依然有诸多不彻底之处。由于污水处理设施还没有全部建成配套,滇池周边的污水在雨季还不能全部截污处理。滇池东岸著名的斗南花市有庞大的鲜花种植基地,白茫茫的大棚种植方式是一个重要污染源,然而无论是改种还是迁移,因关系到斗南农民的致富产业而难以实施。昆明环湖东路至湖边的一些旅游地产也正在成为滇池治理的新隐患。

从生态灾难中重生的滇池,要找回“烟雨空蒙山海际”般的美丽世界,还有很远的路要走。

(本报记者 任维东 张勇)

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