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答禄家族的“成人”家训(家风家训)

2017-08-22 04:16:53   中国青年网

太阳汗

元代是中国历史上民族融合的重要时期,其领土“北逾阴山,西极流沙,东尽辽左,南越海表”。在如此辽阔的疆域里,不仅大江南北的汉族人士结束了百年分离,得以广泛而深入地交流,而且大量出身于漠北、西域的人士迁入中原,为中华民族注入新鲜血液。长城之外的移民虽多因征戍、经商而来,定居下来却受到中原文化的熏陶,成为中华文明的皈依者。答禄家族就是一个典型的例子。

“答禄”是蒙古语“掌印”“镇守”的意思,这个家族既然以答禄为姓,自然出身不凡。其祖先就是乃蛮末代君主太阳汗。乃蛮部是世居蒙古高原西部的强大部族,太阳汗在与成吉思汗争夺蒙古高原控制权的战争中兵溃身死,其子屈出律在国亡后,率领部分族人逃到西辽,后伺机篡夺西辽君主菊儿汗的政权,并一度成为西域霸主,直到被成吉思汗派遣哲别率军攻灭。屈出律之子敞温在战乱中与父亲失散,转而投奔蒙古高原东部的契丹人,不久死去,留下妻子康里氏和年幼的儿子抄思。康里氏在国破家亡之际,做了一个艰难但理智的选择,投奔乃蛮部的仇人成吉思汗。母子二人历经千难万险,终于成为成吉思汗后宫的仆役,从此受到黄金家族的庇护。抄思长大后英勇善战,跟从拖雷在蒙古灭金的战争中立下汗马功劳,官至万户,为答禄氏在元朝的发展奠定了坚实基础。

抄思之子名叫别的因,自幼跟随祖母康里氏在汗廷服役。抄思44岁在大名(今属河北)英年早逝,其妻张氏前往漠北接回年纪尚轻的别的因,在中原汉地加以训导。《元史》记载,张氏曾对儿子讲过做人的道理:“人有三成人:知畏惧成人,知羞耻成人,知艰难成人。否则禽兽而已。”别的因将母亲的教诲牢记心头,承袭父亲的军职后,成为一名智勇双全的名将,不仅立下很多战功,而且所到之处都有惠政。

别的因虽武勇过人,却不因身为将种,就放松对子孙的文化教育。其子答禄文圭(字章瑞)曾到江南为官,与当地文士有交往,元初文人方回有诗《题答禄章瑞净香亭》。其孙守恭、守礼分别于泰定四年(1327)和至顺元年(1330)考中进士,答禄家族至此堪称书香门第。其曾孙答禄与权(字道夫)于至正二年(1342)登进士第,曾任翰林院经历,是元朝末年重要的少数民族文学家。元末文人贡师泰的《春日玄沙寺小集序》,记录了答禄与权参与多民族文士诗酒唱和活动的情景:“道夫设险语,操越音,问禅于藏石师,师拱默,卒无所答;清溪虽庄重自持,闻道夫言,辄大笑。”从中不难想象答禄与权的多才多艺与风流倜傥。答禄与权“博闻强记,善谐谑”,入明之后曾任监察御史,他积极建言献策,比如他曾请求祭祀三皇,受到明太祖嘉纳。

“知畏惧成人,知羞耻成人,知艰难成人。”这就是答禄家族著名的“成人”家训。不难发现,女性成员在答禄家族的发展过程中起到重要的作用,色目人康里氏、汉人张氏,都不是乃蛮人,却都在答禄家族发展的重要关头,发挥她们的聪明才智,教导子孙成为有用之材。在民族融合的大背景下,答禄家族的后人也纷纷“舍弓马而事诗书”,汇入中华文化的历史洪流。

(作者为中国社会科学出版社编辑)

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