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昆明历史研究的精品力作

2017-08-20 08:21:26   中国青年网

《昆明古城与滇池》封面

□ 宋永平

朱惠荣教授新著《昆明古城与滇池》,最近由云南人民出版社出版。该书汇集了朱先生几十年研究昆明城市发展历史和滇池变迁的成果,厘为上篇“昆明古城的历史考察”、中篇“滇池周围的沧桑变迁”、下篇“昆明山水文化举隅”,另有附篇“地图”,收录了24幅与昆明古城和滇池研究相关的珍贵地图。质朴平实,“干货”多多,拜读之余,受益不少。概而言之,特点有四。

第一,大视野概述,宏观论述和展示昆明和滇池在云南历史乃至中华文明发展中的地位。昆明历史灿烂悠久,从3万年前旧石器时代的“昆明人”,到六七千年前新石器时代滇池周边的贝丘文化,到三千多年前青铜时代的“滇国”,远古时期的昆明闪耀着文明的辉煌。昆明历史是祖国文明史的重要组成部分。《南诏德化碑》说,昆明“山河可以作藩屏,川陆可以养人民”,为古代昆明城建城提供了坚实的自然基础。昆明古城所在的螺山半岛,东南西三面临水,北面的五华山既为陆上通道,又可作屏障。因而,从自然形势而言,昆明古城就具有“山寨”“水城”显著的特点。在中国古代历史上,西南边疆地区城市建城与中原地方往往差异明显,但长期以来对西南边疆城市的研究却较为薄弱。朱先生在导言中特别指出“没有对这一类城市的总结和深入研究,中国城市史是不完整的”,确乃精辟之言。

第二,小角度考证,微观探寻昆明城市发展、滇池自然变迁的点点滴滴。本书上、中、下三篇,并附篇地图,三篇之下,精选收录了各自独立而又相互联系的论文。没有貌似宏大的章节体例结构,但珠联璧合、自成体系。如,上篇“昆明古城的历史考察”,收入8篇文章。前两篇文章主要从自然地理的视野考证昆明市区的五华山与五华山水系、螺山,后六篇文章分别对唐代南诏东京、宋代大理东京、元代中庆城、明代云南府城、南明滇都、清代云南府城进行深入研究,按时代顺序理清了昆明城市发展的历史脉络。中篇“滇池周围的沧桑变迁”,收录10篇文章。内容涉及滇池贝丘遗址文化,盘龙江与拓东城、善阐东城、斡尔朵城,宝象河与谷昌城、官渡城,等等,既有典籍文献的探微寻幽,又有田野考古的条分缕析,丝丝入扣,结论令人信服。

第三,理论结合实际,探寻昆明古城研究方法论。客观地说,关于昆明古城以及滇池的研究,从汉晋到唐宋,记载奇缺,可谓先天不足。明清以降,关注者渐多,但深入探究者少,系统的研究成果则更为罕见。而本书导言中对昆明古城研究方法论的认识和探索,则更具开创性,也更值得深入讨论。一是观念上的突破。昆明虽然地处西南边疆,但作为滇国的都城当不少于500年,作为南诏、大理的陪都和实际统治中心共490年。立足于中华民族历史发展的高度来认识,昆明应该而且确实是古都。早在上世纪90年代初,朱惠荣教授就提出昆明是千年古都的观点,并在一系列论著中加以阐述,得到学界的广泛认同。二是资料上突破。新中国成立后,昆明地区多次有价值的考古发掘,三次大规模的文物普查;改革开放后的大规模地名普查,以及地名志、地名词典编撰,大规模新编地方志,等等,都为昆明古城和滇池研究提供了难得的资料条件。在本书收录的论文中,朱惠荣教授对昆明古城的研究,除正史外,特别注意利用考古、地名、方志乃至碑刻、游记、笔记、诗歌等资料,独辟蹊径,力求成一家之言。譬如,《螺山城考》一文,除《史记》《旧唐书》《新唐书》《清史稿》外,引用了《大元混一方舆胜览》等5种一统志,《景泰云南图经志书》等6种明清云南通志,还有大量野史、笔记,做到资料翔实、论证充分。三是研究方法上有突破。昆明古城和滇池研究,范围不大,对象集中,且其历史发展又是一个渐变的过程。因此,昆明古城和滇池研究必须走出书斋,通过田野观察,将文献记载与今日的地理景观进行对比,把版本、校勘、辑佚、训诂等朴学传统与现代田野调查方法结合起来,既注重文献资料考证鉴别,又注意吸收相关地理、考古、民族、宗教、地质、水文,乃至动物、植物等学科的知识、成果,力求做到文献记载与地理实际、文物资料“三对口”。譬如在徐霞客与昆明的研究中,为印证《徐霞客游记》相关记载,解决研究中遇到的难题,朱先生走出书斋,竭尽所能,深入当年徐霞客旅行过的许多地方进行实地考察。就昆明和滇池周边而言,从晋宁、昆阳、安宁到嵩明、富民、武定,从海口、白鱼口、高峣到石咀、夏家窑,从华亭寺、曹溪寺到棋盘寺、海源寺、妙高寺,凡徐霞客到过的每一处地方,朱先生都徒步进行过考察,不少地方还踏勘过若干遍,使证据更加坚实可靠,结论更加准确可信。

第四,汇编相关地图,为昆明古城和滇池研究增添直观图示。在本书附篇收录的24幅地图中,多数是朱惠荣教授依据长期研究而绘制的示意图,如,螺山水城示意图、南诏善阐城示意图、徐霞客考察滇池路线图、草海变迁图等;有的则转录自《万历云南通志》《道光昆明县志》《新纂云南通志》《盘龙区文物志》等,还有的直接利用了卫星遥感图。这些地图,与正文相互印证,起到直观形象、化繁为简的作用。

(作者单位:云南日报报业集团)

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