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哈佛藏黄册的重要价值
2017-08-21 05:16:27 中国青年网
早在宣德八年,周忱就上奏《加耗折征例》,在江南施行了“正米”与“耗米”相结合的“平米法”赋税改革。他提出的“加耗”办法有“论粮加耗和论田加耗法”两种(唐文基:《明代赋役制度史》,中国社会科学出版社1991年版,第132页)。到嘉靖后期至万历前期,据唐文基研究,南方的宁国、应天、镇江三府及浙江、福建、江西等地,均出现了“官民一则起科的改革”,而与扬州府紧邻的松江府,隆庆之后也逐步实现了从“论田加耗”到“官民一则”起科的转变(《明代赋役制度史》,第179—183页)。《韵学集成》等纸背黄册就时间范围而言,与唐文基所言大略相当,但该黄册却反映出,扬州地区的科则与南方各地不尽相同,甚至与相邻的“松江府”也不一致。这一时期的扬州地区,科则依然众多,尚未出现“官民一则”的现象,但却出现了统一加耗的情况,而此加耗的方法,既非论粮,亦非论田。这反映出,这一时期扬州地区的赋税征收自有其特点,但似乎也表现出了统一的趋势。《韵学集成》等纸背黄册无疑为我们了解这些情况提供了珍贵史料。
其二,展现了黄册中军户、匠户、灶户等人户的登记实态。对于明代黄册所载人户的情况,栾成显指出:“各里黄册虽亦称民黄册,但实际上载有各种户籍的人户。”(《明代黄册研究(增订本)》,中国社会科学出版社2007年版,第33页)然而,此前已知的传世黄册,对民户以外的“人户”却鲜有记载,而《韵学集成》等纸背黄册在这方面恰恰提供了丰富的资料。
除普通民户外,《韵学集成》等纸背黄册中还记载了不少“军户”信息,相关文书共20多页。如第二册第36页背第1至6行所载:“(前缺)隶扬州府泰州如皋县县市西厢第壹里军户,有祖吴遵与本厢力籍吴进合军,于吴元年克取苏州,收集充军。洪武叁年起,调虎贲左卫右所百户贾通下军,正德贰年解吴洋补役逃回,嘉靖元年仍解原吴洋补役,充万历贰年甲首。”由此可知,此件黄册的户头为军户吴洋,这里不仅记载其所属的具体厢里、户籍类别,还载录其从军来历,及其本人从军的时间、缘由、充任甲首的时间等信息。由此看来,作为军户的吴洋和普通民户相似,均需纳入里甲正役的编次之中,而较之普通民户的登记,黄册对军户的登记显得更为复杂。除此之外,黄册对军户吴洋的人丁、事产等的登记与一般民户并无二致。
除登记“军户”外,《韵学集成》等纸背黄册还载有很多“匠户”“皮匠户”“木匠户”“军铸匠户”“军木匠户”以及“灶户”等户籍的人户。包含以上人户的黄册册籍,在此之前鲜有所见,《韵学集成》等纸背文献展现了这些特殊人户在黄册中的真实登记状态。这对于明代黄册制度以及军户、匠户、灶户等户籍研究的价值和意义不言而喻。
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