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美国警察执法中的价值冲突

2017-08-19 04:21:25   中国青年网

□ 冯铁城

备受国人关注的中国访问学者章莹颖在美被绑架案将于9月12日进行预审听证。人们在密切关注此案审理进程的同时,心中也充满着疑问:为什么绑架章莹颖的嫌疑人克里斯滕森已经被起诉,章莹颖迄今为止依然找不到?为什么美国警察找到绑架车辆之后,没有立刻逮捕、审问嫌疑人?如果警察立刻审问嫌疑人,是否能及时发现线索并找到章莹颖?然而,一个充满了悖论的事实是,即使美国警察立刻逮捕、审问嫌疑人,也可能问不出有用的信息。

美国警察不能要求嫌疑人回答问题,嫌疑人有保持沉默的权利。限制警察权力是为了保护嫌疑人不被强迫自证其罪、不被冤枉。在美国,减少错案非常重要,甚至比破案更重要,有人用“宁可放走三千,绝不错杀一个”来评价美国的司法。但是,美国也不是没有错案,检察机关的“案件公正性监督部”和一些州的“无辜者中心”就负责对可能错判的案件进行复查。而且,美国法律对警察逮捕审讯权的严格限制无助于提高破案率,难以为受害人伸张正义,这对受害人显然不公平。

这种对警察权力的限制源于1966年的米兰达诉亚利桑那州案,美国联邦最高法院在判决中指出,警方在逮捕和审讯嫌疑人的时候,必须告知对方有权保持沉默,拒绝回答警方的问题……嫌疑人“非自愿”的证词不能在法庭上作为证据使用,这就是“米兰达规则”。据此,美国警察在逮捕嫌疑人之前,都会说“你有权利保持沉默,否则你所说的每句话都将成为呈堂证供”。而且,除了米兰达规则,美国法律还设置了一系列程序来限制警察的逮捕和审讯权,比如逮捕必须获得法院批准等等。

与严格限制警察的逮捕和审讯权不同,美国法律对警察现场执法权的限制比较宽松。即使违法行为比较微小,警察只是感觉自己可能有危险,警察就可以采取强制措施。即便对方没有枪械,警察也可以从被动执法转为先发制人,主动使用暴力甚至开枪。

美国警察现场执法严格,权力很大。这是因为在美国,纵容微小违法行为被认为可能导致他人效仿,导致更为严重和成片犯罪的出现,所以要将微小违法行为扼杀于摇篮之中。而且,美国的枪支数量超过3亿,警察被枪击的危险较高。于是,警察把保护自身安全放在首位,而且法院也支持警察的做法。

现场执法严格虽然有助于降低犯罪率,但也存在一些问题。其中,最突出的问题是歧视性执法。今年,前任总统奥巴马在《哈佛法律评论》发表的文章也谈到了这一点,奥巴马认为,严格执法时,有色人种被盘问、搜查和逮捕的比例远远高于白人,存在歧视性执法。

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