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哈佛藏黄册的重要价值
2017-08-21 05:16:27 中国青年网
其三,反映了明代土地租佃关系的多样性。对于明代土地的租佃关系,传世典籍及徽州文书都不乏记载,以往学者对该问题的探讨,也主要依据以上文献展开。《韵学集成》等纸背黄册则提供了一些新的史料。明代黄册在登载有关人户田产时,往往载其变动情况,而很多土地的租佃信息因此得以保留。《韵学集成》等纸背黄册中所记载的土地租佃形式主要有如下几种:首先是“兑佃”。该批黄册中有关于官、民田地“兑佃与”“兑佃到”“兑到”“兑佃过割与”等的大量记载,这些记载可能都与“兑佃”有关。“兑佃”,又称“转佃”“交佃”或“过佃”等,是土地的租佃人将土地租佃权转让并获得收益的一种租佃形式。《韵学集成》等纸背黄册中有关“兑佃”的大量记载表明,至少在明代的扬州地区这一租佃形式已经非常普遍。同时,通过该批黄册来看,即使同属于“兑佃”,但情况似乎也不太一致,如有的记载为“兑佃与”,有的则载其为“兑佃过割与”。如第二册第27页背记载:“一则没官陆地”,“于嘉靖肆拾伍年兑佃与拾伍都贰图朱盘承种”;第四册第90页背则记载:“一则没官陆地”,“兑佃过割与贰拾都叁图钱堂为业”。同是“没官陆地”,前者说其“兑佃与”“朱盘承种”,而后者则是“兑佃过割与”“钱堂为业”。“过割”一词本身就有过户之意,一词之差,似乎反映出“兑佃”的内容可能还是有所区别的,其中的具体细节值得引起注意。其次是《韵学集成》等纸背黄册有关土地“佃与”“佃种”等的记载,当是普通的土地租佃形式的体现。《韵学集成》等纸背黄册中多种土地租佃形式的存在,反映出明代租佃关系的多样性和复杂性,无疑为研究明代租佃关系提供了新资料。
(作者:杜立晖 单位:山东师范大学历史与社会发展学院)
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