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惩治产品质量犯罪立法宜采取双轨制模式
2017-08-13 08:23:33 中国青年网
科学合理的惩治产品质量犯罪立法技术:抽象化技术和类型化技术相结合
立法技术问题对于实现构建科学合理的法律规范体系具有十分重要的意义。抽象化技术和类型化技术是在立法时最常用到的两种立法技术。一方面,立法需要对纷繁复杂的社会事实进行去粗取精的抽象化、条理化,完成由具体到抽象的规范制定过程。一般条款和不确定法律概念都是抽象立法技术所擅用的工具。另一方面,立法如果一概采取抽象化的表达,且不论抽象技术能否胜任这样的使命,过分抽象化将给法律适用带来不明确性难题。法律规范与生活事实的距离使得从规范到事实的涵摄过程充满了不确定性因素的影响,法律适用的精确性因之大打折扣。而类型化恰恰可以较好地解决抽象法律规范所带来的不明确性难题。
当前,我国刑事立法为了追求刑法的适应性,大量采用了兜底条款立法技术,如“其他危险方法”“其他严重后果”“其他严重扰乱市场秩序的非法经营行为”等。这种对犯罪成立条件的抽象固然可以扩大相应罪名的规制范围,但会导致刑法规范的明确性受到挑战,难逃违背罪刑法定原则的质疑。由于立法者无法在刑法典中对违反行政法规、经济法规同时又具有刑法处罚必要性的行为都加以规定,加之对哪些行为应纳入刑法的调整范围尚无清晰的认识,相关的行政法规、经济法规也无法为此提供充分的规范资源,结果只好采取这种高度抽象概括同时又非常经济实用的兜底条款。出现这些问题的根源在于当前社会生活的复杂化导致我国的立法无法跟上社会变迁的速度,对社会生活的诸多领域缺乏有效的规范加以规制,使很多领域事实上处于一种社会正式调控缺位的状态。我国未来的惩治产品质量犯罪立法应当更加注重对类型化技术的运用,同时通过立法模式的调整在附属刑法中对犯罪行为类型加以具体规定,这样才能做到对产品质量犯罪实施更加符合法治原则的精确打击。
(作者为浙江财经大学法学院副教授)
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