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惩治产品质量犯罪立法宜采取双轨制模式
2017-08-13 08:23:33 中国青年网
双轨制的惩治产品质量犯罪立法模式:刑法典与附属刑法相结合
随着人类社会的日益发达,社会治理手段也愈来愈依靠法律,包括运用刑事法律手段进行调控。这一方面导致罪名数量的不断增加,另一方面也导致犯罪类型结构上的变化,主要表现为相较于传统刑法上自然犯占据核心地位,现代刑法法定犯的数量越来越多。随着法定犯数量的不断增加,对刑事立法提出了挑战,是继续采取自然犯时代的单轨制立法模式(主要体现为大一统的刑法典),还是采取目前许多国家所采取的双轨制立法模式(刑法典+附属刑法)就成为各国立法者必须考虑的问题。从目前的状况来看,各国惩治产品质量犯罪立法大多采取双轨制模式,而我国大陆现在采取的仍然是单轨制的立法模式。
以一部刑法典囊括所有的罪刑条款固然有其优点,但单轨制立法模式的弊端也很明显。首先,随着现代社会生活的高度复杂化,犯罪所涉及的问题也越来越朝专业化、细分化、即时化发展,指望通过一部刑法典囊括所有的犯罪注定难以因应现实的立法需要。大一统的刑法典立法模式会导致刑法典不断膨胀化、琐碎化。其次,在法定犯领域,为了保证刑法典的简明,立法者大量采取了空白罪状的表述方式,法定犯在认定时必须参照相关的各种经济法规、行政法规的内容,但是由于没有指明具体违反的法规名称和条款,导致法定犯的处罚范围事实上并不明确。为了实现处罚的便宜性,立法者还会经常采取兜底条款这一影响罪刑法定原则的立法技术。司法实践中对于法定犯的认定,常常由于缺乏明确的依据导致处罚范围具有较大的弹性,端赖自由裁量权的行使。产品质量犯罪作为一种法定犯,由于涉及到各种产品质量安全标准,涉及各种与保障产品安全有关的环节,指望通过统一的刑法典加以囊括同时又规定得足够明确是不现实的。
因此,有必要引入附属刑法的立法模式,直接在附属刑法中规定罪刑条款。一方面,可以通过采取引证罪状的方式,通过援引同一专门法律中的相关条款来明确罪状中所涉及到的专业内容;另一方面,采取附属刑法的立法方式,使得惩治产品质量犯罪的立法容量得到极大提升,可以针对特定领域的产品质量犯罪进行全方位、全链条的覆盖,同时也可以采取叙明罪状甚至通过解释性立法来保证法定犯罪状的明确性,从而有利于更好地贯彻罪刑法定原则。此外,采取附属刑法的立法模式,可以因应社会生活的变化及时修改所属领域的部门法来对犯罪圈进行合理的调整,有助于保持核心刑法典的稳定性。
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