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德国:反贪污贿赂立法严谨细密

2017-08-11 15:26:45   中国青年网

□王恩海

德国的廉政情况总体较好。在2013年透明国际组织公布的清廉指数排名中,德国以78分位列第12位,在西方七国集团中,仅次于以81分位列第9位的加拿大。

于1999年1月1日起生效的《德国刑法典》并没有贪污罪的罪名,但一般认为,该法第246条规定的侵占罪即包含了贪污罪,该罪规定于刑法分则第19章“盗窃及侵占犯罪”。该条规定:为自己或第三人侵占他人动产,如行为在其他条款未规定更重之刑的,处3年以下自由刑或罚金。如果侵占的对象是行为人保管的不动产,处5年以下自由刑或罚金。同时明确,犯本罪未遂的,应当处罚。

《德国刑法典》以所侵犯的利益不同,规定了“贿赂选举人”(108条b)、“贿赂议员”(108条e)以及“商业活动中的索贿与受贿”(第299条、第300条),分别对应我国刑法中的破坏选举罪和非国家工作人员受贿罪。与我国受贿罪相当的受贿罪,《德国刑法典》以第331条(受贿)、第332条(索贿)、第335条(情节特别严重的贿赂)、第336条(职务上的不作为)、第338条(财产刑和扩大之充公)等多个条文规定在刑法分则第30章“渎职犯罪”中,上述条文就受贿罪的处罚原则作了以下规定。

第一,将受贿罪的主体区分为“公务员或从事特别公务的人员”和“法官或仲裁人”,并对后者匹配了更重的法定刑。

第二,将受贿罪的行为区分为受贿不枉法行为(第331条)和受贿枉法行为(第332条),并对后者匹配了更重的法定刑,究其原因,一般认为前者仅仅侵犯了职务行为的不可收买性,后者不仅侵犯了职务行为的不可收买性,还侵犯了职务行为的公正性,由此刑法学界一般将前者称为一般受贿,将后者称为加重受贿。

第三,明确了受贿罪中的“情节特别严重”,其仅仅限于受贿枉法情形,不包括受贿不枉法情形,根据第335条的规定,具有下列情形之一的,一般认为属于受贿罪的情节特别严重:(1)行为所涉及之利益巨大的;(2)行为人继续索要并接受利益,将来足以违反其职责的;(3)行为人以此为职业或作为为继续实施此等犯罪而成立的犯罪集团成员犯此罪的。

第四,从法定刑设置上看,(1)公务员或从事特别公务的人员受贿不枉法的,法定刑为3年以下自由刑或罚金;受贿枉法的,法定刑为6个月以上5年以下自由刑或罚金,情节较轻的,为3年以下自由刑或罚金;未遂的,亦应处罚,情节特别严重的,为1年以上10年以下自由刑。(2)法官或仲裁人受贿不枉法的,法定刑为5年以下自由刑或罚金;未遂的,亦应处罚;受贿枉法的,法定刑为1年以上10年以下自由刑,情节较轻的,为6个月以上5年以下自由刑,情节特别严重的,为3年以上15年以下自由刑。

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