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题画诗和咏画诗

2017-08-07 04:31:31   中国青年网

咏画诗一般从画外入题,逐渐过渡到画面,表明观画缘起和自己的观众身份,否则显得突兀,易致读者茫然不知所云。如杜甫《姜楚公画角鹰歌》“楚公画鹰鹰戴角”、《画鹘行》“高堂见生鹘”,苏轼《王维吴道子画》“何处访吴画?普门与开元”等,或开门见山,或旁敲侧击,亮出自己观画者的身份。此后对画面或作精细描写,或作概要提示。而题画诗直接题于画面,两者水乳交融,不言而喻,多省去了对画面的介绍,托画起兴,无劳唇舌。

咏画诗和题画诗一般均描写画意,借画言志,但在内容方面有所不同。绘画是“瞬间的艺术”,题画诗一般负有解说或伸展画意的任务,这是题画诗的天职,也是其天然局限,有点类似命题作文,无论如何超脱,却不能天马行空,离题万里。而咏画诗没有如此顾忌,诗人往往尽情挥洒,既可在空间上“视通万里”,亦可在时间上“思接千古”;既可全篇照应画面,亦可随心所欲,“攻其一点,不及其余”,这种优势是题画诗所不具备的。如李白《当涂赵炎少府粉图山水歌》从壁上粉图联想到海上三山,抒发思退归隐之情;杜甫《杨监又出画鹰十二扇》“写一画鹰,而世之治乱、身之用舍俱在其中,真是变化百出”(《杜诗详注》卷十五仇兆鳌评语)。苏轼《戏书李伯时画御马好头赤》嘲戏御马徒为仪仗,而无实用,寄寓自己被召为近臣的感慨;《惠崇春江晚景》其一则从画面引申出“春江水暖鸭先知”的朴素哲理。一句话,咏画诗只是借他人之图画,抒一己之怀抱。

题画诗的优势在于谨守本分,老老实实为画面添彩,如沈周自题《桃源图》:“啼饥儿女正连村,况有催租吏打门。一夜老夫眠不得,起来寻纸画桃源。”徐渭自题《墨葡萄图》:“半生落魄已成翁,独立书斋啸晚风。笔底明珠无处卖,闲抛闲掷野藤中。”两首题画诗均暗示作者的画家身份,补充并深化了画面的意蕴,这也是绝大多数题画诗的功能。正是在此意义上,画上的诗文题跋被称为“画媵”,是不无道理的。有些题画诗,如钱选《山居图》自题:“山居惟爱静,日午掩柴门。寡合人多忌,无求道自尊。鷃鹏俱有志,兰艾不同根。安得蒙庄叟,相逢与细论。”或郑板桥自题《潍县署中画竹呈年伯包大中丞括》:“衙斋卧听萧萧竹,疑是民间疾苦声。些小吾曹州县吏,一枝一叶总关情。”诗歌内容已大大超越画意,因为作者完全跳脱自己的身份寄托抒怀,与咏画诗已无区别。

从篇幅看,咏画诗海阔天空,篇幅不限,如杜甫咏画诗多长篇七古或歌行。而题画诗则强调“不侵画位”“不伤画局”。传统文人画在创作伊始就要考虑留白,“留白”既是“知白守黑”的需求,也是方便自己日后有感而题,或是考虑他人或后人收藏时的题跋和钤印。而传统画的留白大小和位置,决定了题画诗一般不可能是长篇大作,即所谓“客不欺主”也。所以明清时期的题画诗大多为绝句或短诗,也就不难理解了。且从数量而言,咏画诗尤其是名家画作的咏画诗,应该是远多于题画诗的。

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