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从副文本看绘画
2017-08-07 04:31:29 中国青年网
王冕《墨梅图》 资料图片
中国绘画在诞生之时以及在后世的流传中,往往会产生诸多附着于绘画文本(有部分留存于文本之外)的题跋、印鉴、花押以及附记等,此即为绘画之副文本。中国绘画副文本如以形式来划分,有题跋诗、题跋文、题记、签名、印鉴、花押等等。如以留存方位来划分,又有题于画内或画外之分:题于画内又可细分为题于引首、画面、前后隔水、拖尾等处,题于画外者多存于古代典籍之中。如以题写者来划分,又有自题和他题之分。以全局视域解读中国古典绘画,会有意外的收获。
借助绘画副文本特别是画家自题副文本,诗画对读,可深入理解画作之妙处。元代王冕擅长墨梅,藏于北京故宫博物院的一幅《墨梅图》最负盛名。此图画面中一枝墨梅从右插入画面,横穿画幅。主枝浓墨绘就,遒劲有力;末枝淡墨勾勒,飘逸挺拔;梅花或绽放或含苞,淡墨点染,疏密得当。旁逸斜出的一枝梅花,自然而然地让人联想到王冕的墨梅妙思,或是来自他心仪的宋代隐逸诗人林逋的咏梅名句:“疏影横斜水清浅,暗香浮动月黄昏。”按此构思,梅枝之下当是清浅之水,其上应有一轮明月。然画面上下方均为大幅留白,这不能不让人心生疑窦。此画有王冕自题诗一首:“吾家洗研池头树,个个华(花)开澹墨痕。不要人夸好颜色,只流清气满乾坤。”题诗位于画幅上方,使得上方留白不至过多。同时,于梅枝轻盈处略施分量,画面前后达至平衡。这是题诗对画幅的视觉补充。不唯如此,题诗对大幅留白,还有巧妙的深层韵味补充。“吾家洗研池头树”,明确指出此梅仍为临水之梅,水面当在梅枝下方的画幅之外。梅枝的高逸斜出,亦由此展现。“疏影横斜水清浅”的美妙意境,需要鉴赏者充分融入画境诗境之中,加以再创作才能完成。然后,王冕由洗砚池生发奇想:之所以梅花为墨色,是因为淡墨色的洗砚池水滋润的结果,故而“个个华开淡墨痕”,设想奇绝。墨梅只有青白二色,色泽单调,易惹俗人嫌弃,但是“不要人夸好颜色”,由青白再联想到“清白”之气,将梅枝的寓意推向了人生终极追求的高度:“只流清气满乾坤。”诗读至此,鉴赏者心中的疑窦,顿时冰释。原来,画幅上下方的大片留白,即是代表天地,其间充斥流动的,正是梅花的“暗香浮动”化为的满纸、满乾坤的清气。那么,为何没有按照“月黄昏”的意境,增绘一轮明月于画幅之上呢?细品画作,细味题诗,王冕所标举的“只流清气满乾坤”的人生追求,不应置于时空的局限之中。因此,置月一轮,将时间凝定为黄昏夜晚,反而羁縻了人生哲理的表达。可以说,此图构思或许源于林逋“疏影横斜”,但最终又跳脱而出,在更深层次上实现了梅的人格化和哲理化。
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