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揭秘中国核试验基地:戈壁绿洲马兰的故事

2017-08-22 08:10:29   中国经济网

中国核试验基地最初的选址,其实不是这片无名戈壁,而是早已闻名于世的敦煌。

20世纪50年代,新生的中国,一直被笼罩在核恐吓的阴云中。

1955年1月15日,李四光、钱三强等人被请到了中南海的丰泽园。

毛泽东主持召开了专门研究发展我国原子能事业的中央书记处扩大会议,他开门见山地说:“今天,我们这些人当小学生,就原子能有关问题请你们来上一课……”

这一天,中国开始了研制核武器的艰巨而又伟大的征程。

研制核武器,不仅要从零开始造出原子弹,这颗原子弹必须炸响才算成功。这也就意味着,在核武器研制的同时,就必须要找到一块足够广大、足够荒凉的核武器试验场。

时任国防部长的彭德怀指示:“关于导弹基地、原子弹试验基地选场问题交给陈锡联,他是炮兵司令,这几年跑的地方多。选好了交给工程兵司令陈士榘,由他的工程兵负责建。安排部队的事情,荣臻同志多操心,最好是成建制拉过去,这样利于保密。”但实际执行中,前期原子弹试验场的选址工作,主要还是在苏联专家的指导下进行的。

在勘察过青海西部、内蒙古西部、新疆东南部等多个地区后,苏联专家建议把核试验场设在敦煌西北地区。

1958年夏秋之间,一群身穿便衣的军人悄悄来到了敦煌,在古阳关外的大戈壁上安营扎寨。

几天以后,一位中央的“大人物”也来到这里,此人正是时任国防部长的彭德怀。

在鸣沙山下,彭德怀秘密接见了这支队伍的两个负责人:队长张志善和政委常勇。

张志善报告说:“我们是0673部的。”彭德怀当时就笑了,说:“你们对我还保密啊,0673就是原子靶场嘛……”

这段对话的背景,是中央军委当年4月决定组建两支队伍:0673部队负责建设原子靶场,0674部队负责建设原子仓库。这两支队伍里的很多干部都来自于商丘步校,常勇是学校的政治委员,张志善是副校长,接到任务以后,学校的干部一分为二,一半去0673,一半去0674,常勇和张志善都被分到了0673部队。

到了1958年10月下旬,敦煌地区的勘察工作基本结束。时任工程兵司令员的陈士榘带领工程兵设计院、总后营房部等单位组成的工作组以及苏联专家到现场勘察,最后确定了各场区的位置。爆心定在了敦煌西北方向130~150公里处,指挥区距爆心60公里。

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