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深化行政执法体制改革

2017-08-05 06:33:26   中国经济网

在实现明晰权限、合理配置执法力量改革任务中,需要做好三个方面的工作:一是坚持事权、财权和责任相统一的原则,深化“放管服”改革,该取消的坚决取消,该下放的稳妥下放,明确责任;二是法律保障,通过制定或修改法律法规明确各层级政府的职责权限,坚决杜绝法外设权;三是进一步推进机构改革,通过撤并整合实现“削权拆庙”。

二、整合基层执法队伍,大力推行综合执法

从一些地方统计来看,大部分市县政府独立的执法部门平均有40个左右,有行政编制、参公编制、事业编制,还有自收自支编制,公务员比例很小,事业编、聘用制占大多数。从全市全县角度,财政开支的政府公务人员总量并不低,但每一个执法单位除各级领导、党务、办公室、后勤等人员外,一线直接执法人员很少,相对执法力量薄弱。为此,中央要求一方面下沉并强化基层执法力量,另一方面也明确要求大幅度减少市县执法队伍种类,推行综合执法。重点在食品药品、工商质检、公共卫生、安全生产、文化旅游、资源环境、农林水利、交通运输、城乡建设、海洋渔业等领域大力推行。

在这方面有两个改革维度,一是从执法行为上集中,相对集中处罚权、许可权、强制权;另一个纬度是相近领域机构整合。

第一,从执法行为上集中。从2002年起,根据行政处罚法的规定,国务院已经授权省级政府有权决定本行政区域内一个行政机关集中行使其他若干行政机关的处罚权,最典型的是城管综合执法,在机构改革一时到不了位,撤并机构难度较大的情况下,把执法权集中,可以解决执法队伍过多、执法交叉、重复执法等问题。2012年行政强制法实施后,集中了行政处罚权的执法机关依法取得了相对集中的行政强制权。2016年城管执法体制改革的中央文件下发后,更加明确了城管综合执法的范围和管理体制。2015年,中央编办和法制办共同研究开展相对集中行政许可权试点。在部分地方,市县政府若干部门的许可审批集中到一个审批局行使,原部门主要是事后监管,改革取得了一些效果,但相对集中后的单位与原单位之间的职权划分、事前审批与事中事后监管的关系、相互间的执法配合协调依然还有许多问题需要探索解决。

第二,从相近领域部门整合集中。主要是通过机构合并,实现综合执法。2015年4月,中央编办确定在全国22个省(自治区、直辖市)的138个试点城市开展综合行政执法体制改革试点,探索整合政府部门间相同相近的执法职能,归并执法机构,统一执法力量,减少执法部门。比如目前大多数的市县政府的工商、质检、食药监部门整合为市场监管局,有的还管物价监管,实践中效果不错。一些地方还在文化广电新闻出版领域、资源环境等领域整合机构。通过机构改革,今后的发展趋势,市县政府可能会压缩到十几支执法队伍,相对充实一线执法力量。实现这一目标,难度很大,既有人员安置问题,也有专业执法如何保障问题,要逐步试点总结经验,稳步推进。

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