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侠客岛:国际机构又下调中国主权信用评级,靠谱吗?

2017-09-23 00:56:56   中国青年网

但一个核心的问题在于,任何的行业分析都离不开“ 专业判断 ”,而这个“专业判断”往往具备相当的 主观性

三大评级机构都发源于 美国或欧洲 ,不可避免地会用西方的经济理论和价值体系,来评判中国的经济形态。更何况,这些“门外汉”对中国的法律制度、政府的执行力并没有足够的了解,自然很容易产生偏差。

更有意思的是,这些标榜着公正、客观的第三方评级机构,似乎也并不能免于经济和政治的压力。

比如,2008年金融危机爆发前夕,美国的高风险融贷公司房利美和房贷美,还拿到了标普AAA的评级;其他诸如美林银行、花旗银行等属于“投机”的公司,却也获得了“投资”的评级。

原因何在?因为这些评级机构不仅要向上市公司提供信息咨询服务,还要从上市公司那里获取利润及运营费用。

一个很现实的例子是,如果一个评级机构给中国的主权评级是A+,给某家中资企业的评级却是AA+,那么评级机构就可以从企业抽取更好的抽成。一位内部从业者称,这都是行业潜规则。

更关键的问题在于,在过去信息不畅的时代,人们的确需要评级机构这样的金融中介,来解决第三方评价的问题。在互联网不发达,信息不通畅,国际交流受限 的情况下,作为金融市场的重要服务性机构,评级机构的确具有极高的信誉度,并且在评估、警告风险,担当经济“体温表”等功能上,发挥了重要作用。

但现在资讯发达,想投资中国国债的人大可以到中国看看,了解实际情况;相较于各大投行、金融机构、咨询公司乃至IMF(国际货币基金组织)等,评级机构在专业性和灵活性上,并不能凸显多大优势。这是评级机构的历史局限性。

思考

事实上,近些年,评级机构的专业性已经广受质疑。2011年8月5日,标普首次将美国长期主权信用评级由“AAA”降至“AA+”,这也是美国历史上首次失去“AAA”。

这一行动遭到了美国证监会的大范围审查,最终,美国财长在电视公开演讲中称,标普做了“极其糟糕”的评判,其计算方法“令人震惊地缺乏常识”,且作出了完全错误的结论。类似的情况,在法国也出现过。

同时,由于各种历史原因,长期以来国际评级业务长期被标普、惠誉和穆迪这三家机构垄断。中国也曾经出现过大大小小的评级机构,但没多久,就几乎都被这三大巨头入股或收购。在评级的国际市场上,中国的话语权还相当小。国内最知名的“大公国际”,则被美国证券交易委员会拒绝进入美国评级市场——理由是“无法证明自身与中国政府的独立性”,甚至“连评级报告也要通过新华社来公布”。

会计、审计、金融信息服务等领域,中国是后来者,是参与者,也是追赶者。看到现存国际秩序的不合理性是一方面,融入其中、参与规则制定则是更重要的事情。怼完不合理的结果,还是要低头赶路。

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