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中金公司:为什么说标普下调中国评级是误诊?

2017-09-22 11:07:41   中国经济网

经济日报-中国经济网北京9月22日讯 标普9月21日将中国主权信用评级从AA-下调至A+,标普在其报告中称,“长时间的强劲信贷增长提高了中国的经济金融风险”。对此,中金公司22日发布题为“为什么说标普下调中国评级是误诊?”的研报,研报指出,部分海外观察人士,包括其评级机构,在评估中国经济基本面的时候显得有点滞后。

中金公司研报分析称,此次标普下调中国评级的时点正当中国经济增长和企业盈利处在2016年年中开启的新一轮复苏途中。今年上半年,中国实际GDP同比增长6.9%,较去年的6.7%回升。而名义GDP 回到两位数的增长,上半年增速11.4%比去年全年的8%上升了3.4个百分点。与此同时,A股非金融上市公司上半年利润同比增长37.5%;年化ROE 提升至8.9%,为近11个季度最高水平;资本开支同比增长9.7%,是近5年来的最快增速。  

研报认为,中国的债务GDP 比率在经历了多年的加速上升后,其增速从2016年下半年开始回落。目前的M2 增速甚至降至名义GDP增速以下。受益于经济基本面改善,海外中资股今年以来实现大幅增长,人民币汇率也逐步企稳。

中金公司在研报中表示,过去对中国不断上升的债务率问题的根源做过多篇研究,总结如下:

1、中国债务率高企主要是因为高储蓄率和金融部门发展严重滞后(尤其是股票市场)带来的效率缺乏。由于中国储蓄率高而企业缺乏有效的股权融资渠道,当经济下行时,企业依靠自身盈利补充资本金的能力下降,因此债权融资在整个融资中的比重必然上升。不对金融领域进行有效的结构性改革而仅靠收紧货币政策来降杠杆,其结果只会是适得其反。

2、公共部门高储蓄表现为不断积累的政府存款,加剧了中国的“杠杆率问题”。截至8月末,政府部门持有的财政存款和机关团体存款总量高达30.9万亿,相当于GDP的40%。尽管财政存款增速明显放缓(8月同比增长0.9%),机关团体存款仍然在以两位数的增速增长(8月同比增长12.1%)。如果政府主动改善自身资产负债表,利用现金存款偿还债务,降低税费征收,或是增加国有企业股本金,则可以实现在大幅降低中国杠杆率的同时避免过度紧缩的货币政策拖累经济增长或损害企业部门。

3、尽管企业部门债务率高达160%,其中的一半亦可以用其在手现金偿还。而且,企业存款有三分之二是由国有企业持有。因此,通过国企改革来改善企业治理和盈利能力,也有助于降低中国的杠杆率,而不会对经济增长造成拖累。我们注意到一个有趣的现象是,在煤炭、黑色、有色、化工等国企集中的重工业行业,企业已经开始偿还或核销有息负债。

研报最后指出,标普下调中国主权信用评级可以提醒中国应当关注经济中存在的效率不足并认识到加快推进改革的必要性,但是,此次评级下调并不表明中国信用风险上升或是基本面恶化。恰恰相反,中国经济在经历了长达五年的增长放缓后开始显现企稳向好的迹象,企业盈利则迎来了强劲增长。此外,消费需求的强劲增长反映中国经济结构再平衡有了实质性的推进,经济增长比五年前更加健康,可持续性增强。因此,部分海外观察人士,包括其评级机构,在评估中国经济基本面的时候显得有点滞后。

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