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外媒:美元下跌的四大理由是否成立?

2017-09-12 17:03:15   新华网

美国经济复苏迄今已近8年,但与前几个周期相比并不算长。如果美国经济依然呈现出“慢牛快熊”的态势,那么复苏阶段可能占据经济周期的绝大多数时间;美国经济没到顶部,美元指数也就可能在当前水平继续徘徊,而难以进一步下挫。

  反驳三:美元的避险属性还很强?

对于今年以来美元的持续下跌,还有一种不太常见的解释,即美元作为一种传统避险货币,在风险频发之时,往往会成为投资者追捧的货币;但若市场避险情绪下降,美元就会下跌。因此,今年美元的下跌代表了市场避险情绪下降、风险偏好上升。

这种解释看似完备,但实际上存在问题。因为美元和避险情绪的关联度已经较弱,且即便美元与避险情绪的关联度还很高,随着避险情绪从当前的历史低位回升,也更支持后期美元走强。

首先,美元虽是传统的避险货币,但其避险属性已经没有日元、黄金等资产强。黄金的避险属性自不必多说,日元的避险属性主要是从2000年后开始形成。因此,一旦风险爆发,投资者应更倾向于在外汇市场上买入日元,或在现货期货市场买入黄金,而不是买入美元。更何况,今年以来的一系列国际风险事件都源于美国或与美国相关,美元很难成为避险资金的首选。

其次,近期美元与美债收益率的走势亦不能体现避险情绪的影响。与美元指数相关度较高的资产——美国国债,也是传统的避险资产之一。投资者因避险买美元的同时,一般也会配置长期美债,所以美债收益率与美元指数很多时候呈反向走势。但2015年以来,两者走势明显趋同,这也表明二者的驱动因素均发生了转向。事实上,2015年美联储正式启动加息周期,对美元和美债收益率产生了同向推动作用;2016年底,特朗普胜选再度提振了投资者对美国经济的信心,对美元和美债收益率也产生了同向推动作用。因此,今年以来美元的走弱,跟美债收益率的下行并不矛盾,美联储加息预期和“特朗普行情”是主导因素,而不是避险情绪。

另外一个收益率指标与美元指数的拟合度更高,即美国和德国10年期国债收益率之差。这不难理解,次贷危机后全球央行的集体救市行为,导致央行成为资本市场的最重要影响因素,而各大央行之间货币政策的分化左右了汇率的变化。目前,美联储仍在货币政策正常化的路上,而欧央行年内大概率会维持当前的宽松政策,可见货币政策的分化依然存在。但今年7月起,美德10年期国债利差已经企稳在1.8%左右,但美元指数依然惯性下跌,这可能也暗示着后期美元指数可能向上回归。最后,即便美元指数目前主要受到避险情绪影响,后期美元指数上涨的概率也大于下跌的概率。今年以来,恐慌指数已经较长时间处于历史低位,一些小的政治事件和地缘冲突根本无法激起市场的波澜。这种情况非常罕见,也不会持久。当真正的风险事件来临时,恐慌指数可能会反弹得更高。这种情况在2011年8月和2015年8月出现过。因此,如果后期恐慌情绪回升,美元指数也应该上涨。

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