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侠客岛:不从阿富汗撤军 美国新动作意味着什么?

2017-08-23 07:35:36   中国青年网

事实上,这很难让人不把他此举同过去的一周相联系。在美国爆发大骚乱、种族冲突愈演愈烈、同时特朗普因为自身言论招致强烈批评的背景下,突然抛出“增兵阿富汗”的说法,很难让人不往“转移视线”上想。当然,在本身的内阁团队“将星闪闪”甚至有人亲自参与过阿富汗战争的背景下,在阿富汗昭示存在感,本身就是向外界示以强硬的一手。

说真的,美国国内可能也会认可这一招。当初特朗普朝着叙利亚扔了59枚战斧,结果美国原本骂他的各派媒体都立马转了调门称赞他“终于有个总统样子”了。很显然,长期居于世界第一强国的地位,在美国不论是政界还是民间,对于使用武力维护美国安全这个方式的认同是很强大的,尤其是去对付一个真的让美国人夙夜难寐的恐怖组织。这其实也是一种“政治正确”。

但如果把特朗普的目的仅仅说成是“反恐”,显然就忽视了阿富汗对于美国和地区各国的重要意义。

战略

事实上,对于地区内来说,俄罗斯、印度、中国,才是美国更看重的力量。

比如俄罗斯。19世纪起,俄罗斯就控制或影响中亚地区。而阿富汗与中亚土库曼、乌兹别克、塔吉克斯坦三国则有2000多公里的共同边界。在安全问题上,俄罗斯一直是特殊角色,比如俄罗斯最大的海外军事设施就设在塔吉克斯坦。同时,自从2014年ISIS在阿富汗扎根以来,借IS的威胁,俄罗斯也与塔利班开展合作,保护俄罗斯在阿人员安全,这在一定程度上就削弱了美国对于阿富汗问题的影响力;

再如印度。在阿富汗与巴基斯坦关系频频交恶的情况下,阿富汗加强了与印度在经贸上的合作。2015年5月,阿富汗、伊朗、印度签署了联合使用伊朗恰巴哈尔港的协议。随后,三国在这一问题上的合作稳步推进。去年9月伊朗还将恰巴哈尔港的一些项目的管理移交给印度。对于此事,美国的态度是极其矛盾的。特朗普称赞印度为阿富汗的稳定做出的贡献,同时也要求印度贡献更多的资金。而且鉴于美国和伊朗之间剑拔弩张的关系,美国肯定对此事颇有微词;

又如中国。2016年,首届“阿中巴塔”四国军队反恐合作协调机制高级领导人会议召开,四国反恐机制的正式成立。除中国外,阿富汗、巴基斯坦、塔吉克斯坦,是中国的陆上邻国、同时各自境内又受恐怖主义影响严重,还都是“丝绸之路经济带”的必经之地,因此,中国介入这一地区的安全合作就是必然之举——而这显然也并非美国乐意看到的。

换句话说,在阿富汗,中、俄、印三支对于欧亚地区极其重要的战略稳定力量,都在这里有所投射,且三国都极其重视阿富汗问题。美国虽为域外国家,但对于其中东战略和亚太战略而言,阿富汗的支点作用巨大,加上在此地经营多年,不可能轻易撤出。因为撤出后的权力真空必将被另一国所填补,这绝非美国所愿。

至于点名印度和巴基斯坦要求“多出力”?可能说给印度听的成分更多。毕竟,巴基斯坦离美国还有一点距离,但印度一定急着跟美国做朋友。特朗普说了,“印度在与美国的贸易上赚了数十亿美元,我希望他们能在阿富汗发挥更大的能力来帮助美国”。《印度时报》立马就分析称,以前奥巴马的政策主要集中在阿富汗和巴基斯坦,但特朗普政府的政策中,“考虑了印度可能扮演的角色”。

毕竟,北约已经撤了,肯在这座“帝国坟墓”里下血本的盟友恐怕难找了。这时候,找一个有愿意寻求地区地位、又看上去有钱出钱的朋友来一起做事,就是最顺理成章的了。

文/王涛、千里岩 编辑/公子无忌、东门吹雪

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