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“美国内战无仇恨”?呵呵

2017-08-22 07:42:38   新华网

“在这场第二次美国内战中,你站在谁一边?”美国弗吉尼亚州的集会冲突事件,揭开了一个盖子,刺激美国各地迅速掀起一股拆除南北战争时代南方纪念物的风潮。作为美国历史上最大规模的一场内战,南北战争以北方联邦战胜南方邦联告终。然而,自战争的最后一枪打完,至今已有150余年,围绕失败一方的“记忆”仍困扰甚至分裂着美国。有人说,眼下的拆毁行动好似在进行“历史清算”;也有人认为,这是在“拨乱反正”。这场冲突凸显美国“大熔炉”种族问题的复杂难解。这是历史撕裂现实的典型例子,更让人对曾广为流传的“美国内战无仇恨”神话大跌眼镜。(最近有人要求当局取缔弗吉尼亚州95号州际公路附近一个邦联旗升旗点,但该土地的拥有者表示反对。图为该地进行邦联旗升旗仪式的资料图。)

邦联遗迹带来“第二次内战”

“在今天的好战分子心中,罗伯特·李的名字唤起了‘种族主义和叛国分子’的原始仇恨和嚎叫。有人要把他的所有雕像和其他邦联士兵与政治家雕像从基座上拉下来,放进博物馆或扔进垃圾堆。”美国政治评论家帕特·布坎南日前以“美国的第二次内战”为题写道:“这不是新的历史,也没有关于李将军的新发现。改变的是美国,它已不再是‘同一个国家’”。

曾当过尼克松、福特、里根三任总统高级顾问的布坎南,说出这番话并不令人意外。他是知名保守派人士,曾祖父在南北战争时是南方军队一员。他的话反映了部分美国人的观点,即一些学者所说,美国国内对南北战争曾形成明确共识,但这种共识最近正在被破坏,自由派精英试图重审历史。

对那些支持拆除雕像的人来说,上述说法并不准确,因为在他们看来,这些纪念物一直都是白人至上主义者的“图腾”,而非大家共同的遗产。

内战结束之初,由于缺乏资金,并没有人大建邦联雕像等纪念物。直到进入20世纪,随着南方各州陆续执行所谓“吉姆·克劳法”(旨在实行种族隔离制度,剥夺获得自由的黑奴的平等权,1965年才被废止——编者注),邦联纪念物才开始大量出现,上世纪20年代尤甚。30年后,当民权运动兴起,一些种族主义者强烈反弹,邦联纪念物再次大量出现。正因为如此,美国左派人士认为,邦联纪念物的出现并非如南方人所说是为纪念死难者,纪念战争历史,而是要美化邦联、怀念奴隶制度。

“邦联的公共标志——谁的遗产?”美国民权团体“南方贫困法律中心”曾做过统计,全美有超过1500个邦联标志物,包括纪念馆、纪念碑、雕像、公立学校、公路和城市名等,像最受崇敬的罗伯特·李将军,仅公立学校就有50多所以他的名字命名。大部分纪念物位于南方11个参战州,也有少数在北方,纽约州有3个,宾夕法尼亚州有4个,还有22个位于内战时还不存在的州。

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