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在美国参观博物馆有感
2017-08-23 04:21:53 中国青年网
华盛顿国家美术馆的伦勃朗自画像 吴云摄
参观美国的博物馆,首先会感叹于博物馆建立之不易。
“环球”博物馆的建立
美国大都会博物馆,坐落在纽约曼哈顿中央公园旁,与伦敦的大英博物馆、巴黎的卢浮宫和圣彼得堡的艾尔米塔什博物馆并称世界四大博物馆。由于历史原因,另外三家博物馆,要么脱胎于王室的收藏,要么成形于国家的扶助。艾尔米塔什博物馆于1764年由叶卡捷琳娜二世建立,供她和秘友欣赏从欧洲市场买来的画作,1852年开始对外开放。卢浮宫则曾是法国国王的王宫,几百年间无数次扩建改建,是为了更好地保存日益增多的艺术品,法国大革命后的1793年,卢浮宫作为艺术博物馆真正对公众开放。大英博物馆则得益于汉斯·斯隆爵士赠予国王乔治二世的私人收藏,在此基础上,英国议会通过了以发行彩票的方式筹集资金的议案,大英博物馆于1759年成立并对公众开放。此后无论是卢浮宫还是大英博物馆,更因其所在国家在后来的战争中获得了大量的艺术品而不断得到充实。
美国没有王室,国家未提供支持,大都会博物馆的建立更多是依赖民间资本的力量。1866年7月4日午餐时,有感于欧洲王室赞助博物馆,美国律师约翰·杰伊提出美国需要有自己的博物馆的想法,得到了在场许多有识之士的呼应,很快便成立了筹备小组,进行游说和筹资。在筹备小组的努力和富商们的赞助下,1870年大都会博物馆正式成立,十年之后终于正式对公众开放。与此类似,华盛顿国家美术馆的建立,是仿照伦敦国家美术馆,由创始人安德鲁·W.梅隆所捐赠的126幅绘画和26件雕塑为起点的,如今已拥有14万件艺术品。
美国的博物馆实行公私双轨管理机制,作为非营利的公益机构,资金来源也是政府和民间两部分,而除了税收上的优惠政策,美国政府在文化艺术方面的支出远远小于法国等欧洲国家,所以可以说,美国博物馆的运营资金,大部分靠博物馆自己解决——美国已形成可持续运营的博物馆体系,依靠相关基金运作、机构或个人捐赠、衍生商品收入等维持博物馆的运营,许多博物馆是对公众免费开放的。
也许是因为美国历史短,在文化艺术方面没有特别突出的经典,因而奉行拿来主义,对全世界的历史和文明,尽可能多而全地进行呈现。众多博物馆看下来,观众会感叹于藏品的丰富全面,而这个过程仅用了一个半世纪的时间。比如,大都会博物馆藏有古代近东、古埃及、古希腊、古罗马的文物,也有亚洲、非洲、大洋洲和美洲的艺术品,更是收藏有大量的欧洲绘画和雕塑。而时间跨度上,则涵盖了公元前七千多年至今。
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