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9月1日起全国中小学生统一换教材 怎么学?如何考?

2017-09-09 09:26:52   新华网

“部编本”语文教材总主编、北京大学语文教育研究所所长温儒敏特别否认了鲁迅在中小学课文中“大撤退”的说法。“鲁迅先生还在,小学我们选择了2篇,如《少年闰土》,初中选择了6篇,如《从百草园到三味书屋》等。”

  提高兴趣和思辨能力:

  先认汉字再学拼音

这次调整的教材,按照通常理解属于“文科”,知识记忆型内容比较多。但根据专家们介绍,新教材在教学过程中,会更注重学生的成长规律,注重提高他们的学习兴趣。也就是说,教材的立足点是让学生怎么学得好,而不是老师怎么方便教。

以语文为例。过去都是一年级开学就学拼音,然后再用拼音去认字,新教材改为把拼音学习推后1个月,先认一些汉字,再学拼音,边学拼音边认字。

“孩子对语文的第一印象是天、地、人、你、我、他,而不是字母abc,体现一种更切实的教学理念。”温儒敏认为这个顺序的改变别有意味,“要帮孩子找到对汉字的原初感觉,把汉语、汉字摆回到第一位。拼音只是辅助学汉字的工具,不是目的”。

当然,更现实的考虑是,现在很多小学一年级开始学英语了,英语跟bo、po、mo、fo混在一起很难区分。现在流行一个词,叫“综合素质”,在新教材里,大量的课外阅读和思辨能力培养,被认为是培养综合素质的关键。“部编本”语文教材在这方面想了许多办法。比如,小学一年级就设置了“和大人一起读”,意在和学前教育衔接,引导读书兴趣。小学中高年级几乎每一单元都有课外阅读的延伸。初中则加强了“名著选读”,改变以往那种“赏析体”写法,注重“一书一法”,每次“名著选读”课都引导学生重点学习某一种读书方法。

激发兴趣,传授方法,是“名著选读”设置的改革方向。如浏览、快读、读整本书、读不同文体等,都各有方法引导。多数课后思考题或拓展题,也都有课外阅读提示引导。

历史教材同样体现了这一指导思想。一方面,从教材设置上,更强调探究活动和材料研读,锻炼学生从材料中提取知识,用来分析解决历史问题的能力;另一方面,新教材将过去课后练习题中的填空题、名词解释等需要机械记忆的题型,改为活动分析的综合思考题,以培养学生独立思辨能力。

另一项比较大的变化是德育课变成了“德”“法”课,意在提高学生的法治素养。中共十八届四中全会决定,把法治教育纳入国民教育体系,从青少年抓起,在中小学设立法治知识课程。为了落实这一要求,新教材将义务教育阶段原品德课调整为“道德与法治”,以培养有理想、有道德、有文化、有纪律的社会主义合格公民为中心,将社会主义核心价值观教育贯穿始终,编写了小学教材共12册,初中教材共6册。

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