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这一次,美国真的要向中国“开战”?

2017-08-16 10:49:08   海外网

事实上,加入WTO之后,由于有WTO的裁判机制,美国301条款这种带有强烈单边主义色彩的机制已经很少使用。2004年和2007年,美国贸易代表办公室就两次拒绝了国内组织团体对中国申请301调查的提议。

但这并不代表美国没有一直盯着中国。自1989年美国首次发布《特别301报告》以来到现在,中国已经28次被列出了这一报告中的“优先观察名单”——“老大哥一直在看着你”。

那么,这一次美国的举动,到底意味着什么?

退路

特朗普点名让启动调查的,是美国贸易代表莱特希泽。总统的要求是,“就是否需要启动关于知识产权的特殊301条款进行调查”。也就是说,先去调查调查,看需不需要对中国启动这个条款。

而一旦莱特希泽决定“需要启动”301条款,并且6个月内完成调查结果的认定,则不需要总统和国会批准,30天内就可以自动执行贸易报复措施。

这位贸易代表莱特希泽,是一位典型的单边主义者。他曾参与对日本出口到美国的汽车、摩托车、钢铁等产品提高关税和实行进口配额限制的贸易战,从而迫使日本将部分汽车产业生产线迁至美国;近年来,他则多次批评中国通过“操纵贸易”、使制造业的工作机会流入中国。

在签署行政备忘录的仪式上,特朗普言之凿凿:“我们要保障我们的专利、版权、商标、商业机密和其他知识资产。这事关我们的安全和财富”;“我想告诉你,这只是一个开始。我的职责是保护美国工人的权益”。

但这个“备忘录”,或许本身就是特朗普给自己留下的一条退路。

为什么这么说?

备忘录不是总统令。总统令属于正式文件,要交由联邦公报发行公布,联邦档案馆保存,并且拥有一个单独的编号,以便后人检视总统令的执行效果。例如,特朗普此前下达研究如何放松监管和研究如何废除“奥巴马医保法”的命令时,签署的均为总统令。

相比之下,备忘录就随便很多。莱特希泽拿着虽然也一样可以当令箭使,但是法律没有要求总统公布备忘录的具体内容,联邦档案馆没有存档,时间久了如果他不提,可能也就没人记得去追究到底执行的如何。总统令由于有案可循,日后可以作为先例来引用,而备忘录在这方面的效力就远不如总统令,不容易对日后类似的案例产生影响。仅此一个细节,就足以看出特朗普商人的精明。

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