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揭秘蒋介石唯一一次延安行:被毛泽东的窑洞震惊

2016-02-01 16:57:21   人民网

1947年蒋介石视察延安

蒋介石无法想象毛泽东何以在如此恶劣的生存环境中保持着旺盛的斗志,有效地指挥着他的军队在全国的战场上与国民党军队对抗。

蒋介石一生中唯一一次到延安

蒋介石飞到了延安。

国民党军的最高统帅以占领者的姿态进入共产党人的“巢穴”,这一事件在国民党方面看来极具象征意义。于是,接到蒋介石来延安的指令后,胡宗南立即忙碌起来。飞机在西安与延安之间往来多次,洋瓷脸盆、澡盆、马桶、沙发、钢丝床、山珍海味、西餐用具以及西餐厨师等等一应俱全地被运抵贫苦的延安。八月七日上午,“美龄号”专机在延安简易机场尘土飞扬的跑道上降落,蒋介石被安排住进延安最好的边区外交宾馆里。

彭德怀部对榆林的攻击,令蒋介石深感不安。到达延安的当天下午,蒋介石亲自主持召开了旅以上军官会议,专门研究出兵增援榆林的问题。晚上,蒋介石单独与胡宗南再次研究了榆林作战问题。当胡宗南说此次共军打榆林的真正意图,也许是准备在米脂以北伏击我增援部队时,蒋介石说,今后陕北作战,不必再强调稳扎稳打了,要用急进猛打的战法,弥补以前与共军作战显露出的缺陷。蒋介石特别强调,迂回增援的整编三十六师不但要隐蔽,而且行动要快,要达到出乎共军意料的奇效。蒋介石告诫胡宗南:“陕北为主要战场,为匪之首脑所在,如不肃清,后患无穷。本令七月底肃清,现延长一个月,八月底定须肃清。”

第二天一大早,蒋介石开始在延安城里转悠。没有人知道他此时此刻的感受。在枣园,蒋介石终于看见了他的对手毛泽东曾经住过的那间窑洞,与当地农民的窑洞没有任何区别,门窗是没有油漆过的陈旧的木头做的,窑洞内墙面剥落,靠窗的那张榆木桌的桌面坑洼不平,简陋的床也是榆木钉起来的。窑洞外面的院子里有棵树,树下有个石凳,还有架纺线的纺车。随从告诉他,这间窑洞的旁边和下面,是周恩来、朱德和刘少奇等人的窑洞,这些窑洞无论外观还是内设都是一样的。尽管从一九二七年国共决裂开始,蒋介石就知道共产党人已被逼进了山林和乡村;特别是一九三四年,国民党军通过五次大规模的“围剿”占领了共产党人的首府江西瑞金,迫使他们千里万里地走向中国西部人烟稀少的地带之后,毛泽东与他的部队面临危境、身处绝境的情报从来就没有中断过。可是,此时,面对破败的延安小城和这些近乎原始的窑洞,蒋介石还是感到十分震惊。他无法想象毛泽东何以在如此恶劣的生存环境中保持着旺盛的斗志,有效地指挥着他的军队在全国的战场上与政府军对抗,并且能在这样的桌子上把文章写得既尖锐犀利而又文采飞扬。

蒋介石回到边区外交宾馆,审定了胡宗南送来的作战计划后,当天就离开了这个让他心绪不宁的地方。这是蒋介石一生中第一次也是最后一次来到延安。

毛泽东:“等敌人上来,打他三个钟头再走不迟”

此刻,指挥着百万大军的共产党中枢在国民党军的追击和围捕下,其颠沛之艰辛与危险,是当时各个战区的共产党将领以及包括蒋介石在内的国民党军将领无论如何都难以想象的--毛泽东的这段历史往事之所以令人感叹,是因为当这一小队人马在荒凉的山谷间由于命悬一线而来回转移之时,毛泽东仍旧指挥着分散在全国各个战区的部队作战,而且,各个战区的共产党将领不断地听到毛泽东发出“蒋介石很快就要完蛋了”的呼声。

小河会议之后,毛泽东一行开始向东转移。为了保密,他们的代号由“三支队”改为“九支队”。八月一日晚,毛泽东到达靖边县青阳岔,住了一夜之后,第二天在闷热的天气里继续赶路,到达横山县的小水沟村,毛泽东住进村长李文运的家里。但是,刘戡的部队很快就接近了,于是再走。下雨了,他们在一个叫石湾镇的村子里弄了点饭吃,没来得及烘烤一下衣服,就接着向肖崖则村方向行进。刘戡的部队始终跟在后面,毛泽东刚离开火石山,刘戡就进了村;毛泽东刚离开石湾镇,刘戡跟着就进了镇,这个国民党军将领总是能在毛泽东睡过觉或者歇过脚的窑洞外摆出姿势留个影。八月三日,到达肖崖则村时,毛泽东已浑身湿透,鞋里灌满了泥浆。听说刘戡的部队在石湾镇宿营了,毛泽东说:“那好,我们也陪他住下吧。”他和周恩来挤在农民李俊成的窑洞里睡了一夜。这时候,西北野战军攻击榆林的战斗打响了。九支队先到了绥德的李家崖,然后又到了黄家沟,在大雨和泥泞中不断地与刘戡的部队周旋。毛泽东盼望着攻击榆林得手的消息,但最终传来的是整编三十六师从北面的沙漠绕路增援,攻击榆林失利的报告。西北野战军从榆林撤退的那一天,毛泽东一行急促地离开了黄家沟,因为他们必须赶在国民党军前面渡过无定河,通过绥德城。在泥泞的路上走了大半夜,到达无定河边,一座九孔大桥横跨在河上,当时还有民兵守着。过桥之后,毛泽东听说要炸掉大桥,表示了不同意见,他说刘戡要用这座桥就让他用,他是暂时用用,我们可是要永远地用。抢在刘戡前面通过了绥德城,八月十四日,毛泽东一行到达米脂县的井家坪。

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