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这位国民党将领投降日军:后反被蒋介石授勋嘉奖

2016-12-22 15:26:30   胡博

  原题:为何拒降的将领有罪,投降的将领反而有功?节选

时间推进到衡阳保卫战。从7月1日开始,蒋介石就特别关心衡阳战事,并对第10军官兵“能沉着应战,本阵地屹立不摇,足以自慰”。尽管蒋介石不断命令其余部队解衡阳之围,但战局日益恶化,直到8月4日接到衡阳守军电台的“初报救急,继报危急,最后则报‘不好了’以后,即不通报”。虽然这一天守军成功击退了日军,但已伤亡惨重,随时有城破危险。

蒋介石因此极为忧虑,进而导致失眠,他在8月5日凌晨一时起床祷告,此后数日皆在凌晨祈祷。7日下午三时,蒋介石接到空军电话转报,称“方军长率各师长具名,以城西北被敌突破,我兵力已尽,无法堵击,惟有来生相见等语”。蒋“不胜忧焚”,以至深夜“前后起床祷告三次,请求衡城战事能转危为安,转败为胜”,8日凌晨四时再次起床,“向天父默祷,保佑我衡城及方军长等之能转危为安”。但仅过了一个多小时,衡阳电台即告中断,上午十时在接空军侦察报告后“乃知衡城已无望矣”。蒋对此“悲伤之切,实为从来所未有”。

对于衡阳守军的结局到底如何,无论是蒋介石还是第9战区都不清楚。但蒋介石素闻第10军战绩优良,并对方先觉颇有好感。在这个基础上,蒋介石根据方在7日下午通过空军表达的“来生相见”之意,断定方先觉必在城破之际殉职。于是蒋在8月9日下午即“修正方先觉事略与校阅事略”,11月下午“修正衡阳守军成仁之通电”,准备为方及守军树碑立传。即便当蒋介石通过日军广播得知方先觉“自动树白旗乞降,其方式如星嘉坡(新加坡)英军乞降时相同等语”,并从脱险返回官兵的回报得知方先觉确实投降之后,仍“深信先觉决不至乞降,但其不能以身殉国,竟被敌所俘而屈,使我军誉与军校皆蒙此不白之污辱,殊所不料也”。

由于宣传机器已经开动,蒋介石只能继续通过宣传去树立正面形象,并进而将衡阳失守的责任归结为“两广部队战意消失,实际空虚,更无任务与解围之决心”,为方先觉等被俘官兵开脱。也就是说,蒋在判断方先觉战死失误之后,仍然坚持为方竖立正面形象,并在方脱险返回重庆后,颁授其青天白日勋章。

1944年12月12日,蒋介石第一次接见了脱险后的方先觉,他在见到方后“不禁如隔世重逢,悲喜交集”。有趣的是,就在同一天,军法总监何成浚第三次向蒋签呈余程万一案,何认为“桂林守将不战而溃,未受处分,余程万在常德苦战二十余日,兵尽弹绝,反不免于罪,外间颇多疑议”,要求蒋再次考虑余程万的刑责。

或许是方先觉的归来影响了蒋介石,又或许是失城的桂系将领无一受刑,蒋终在21日正式批复,同意判处余程万“有期徒刑五年”。及至抗战胜利之际,余程万又被予以赦免,终获自由。

方先觉 资料图

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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