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周恩来认为蒋介石能够打败其他军阀的原因是什么

2016-12-22 15:09:15   金冲及

  蒋介石是一名军人,先后在保定军官学校和日本士官学校学习过。在大陆期间,他任职最久的职务是军事委员会委员长,很多人往往用“委员长”这个称呼来代表他。毛泽东曾说过:“蒋介石代替孙中山,创造了国民党的全盛的军事时代。他看军队如生命。”“有军则有权,战争解决一切,这个基点,他是抓得很紧的。”但从他一生来看,长于政治权术,军事指挥能力却未见高明。

埃德加·斯诺在1936年7月9日问曾同蒋介石在黄埔军校共过事、对蒋十分了解的周恩来:“你对蒋介石作为一个军人,看法如何?”周恩来回答:“不怎么样。作为一个战术家,他是拙劣的外行,而作为一个战略家则或许好一点。”“他的政治意识比军事意识强,这是他能争取其他军阀的原因。”(周恩来叮嘱埃德加·斯诺:这次谈话暂时不要发表,因此没有收录在《西行漫记》中。)细看国民党各派的内战中,蒋介石先后打败李宗仁、冯玉祥、唐生智、阎锡山、十九路军、陈济棠等,主要依靠的是政治分化和金钱收买,而没有表现出高超的战略指导和作战指挥能力。

衡量一个军事统帅是不是具有远大的战略眼光和驾驭复杂多变局势的能力,至少可以从两方面来考察:第一,他能不能对全局客观情况的发展变化及时掌握,清醒地做出正确的判断,并且预见到下一步可能的发展;第二,他能不能针对面前的实际情况制定明确而有效的决策,除非情况发生重大变化决不轻易动摇或改变,而不是头痛医头、脚痛医脚地忙于应付,也不会因某些次要情况的变动就轻易地一再改变决心。

从三大战略决战的实践检验中可以看出,蒋介石对这两个条件,都不具备:既不知己,也不知彼,目光短浅,反复多变,被动应付,顾此失彼,而且始终自以为是,出了错只怪部下无能或没有执行他的指示。这些都是军事统帅的大忌,他在平时都有表现,而在辽沈、淮海、平津这些决定命运的战略决战中暴露得格外突出。

蒋介石 资料图

可是,国民党军队的作战指挥大权却一直紧紧抓在他一个人手里,都要由他来作决断。深得蒋介石信任的外交部部长王世杰在1948年初的日记中写道:“目前国防部实际上全由蒋先生负责,诸事殊乏分责之人。”

能对蒋介石的作战指挥有近距离观察的杜聿明,在回忆淮海战役中黄维兵团被歼的经过时更具体地说:“先是蒋介石对解放军估计过低,将自己估计过高,幻想不增加兵力,南北夹攻,打通津浦路徐蚌段;继而见解放军声势浩大,战力坚强,阵地森严,非国民党军可破,于是决心放弃徐州,以仅有的残部保卫南京。等到徐州部队出来后,蒋又被解放军的战略运动迷惑(误认为解放军撤退),再改变决心,令从徐州退却中之国民党军回师向解放军攻击,协同李延年兵团解黄维之围。黄维兵团就是这样地套在解放军既设的口袋内,被重重包围,战力日益消耗,包围圈逐渐缩小。一直战到十二月十日以后,蒋介石才发现从徐、蚌出来的国民党军都没有击退解放军的希望,于是决心要黄维在空军和毒气掩护下白天突围,黄维则认为白天无法突围。双方争执到十五日晚,黄维见情势危急,于是夜间突围。黄维一经突围,在解放军的天罗地网下土崩瓦解,除胡琏个人乘战车只身脱逃外,全部被歼。事后蒋介石给我的信中,怪黄维不听他的命令在空军毒气掩护下突围,而擅令夜间突围,是自取灭亡。”

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