冬至大如年 “数九”热闹过

2018-12-21 16:21:55    

到了明代,“九九歌”十分流行,已流传有许多不同版本。刘若愚《酌中志》记载:“司礼监刷印‘九九消寒’诗图,每九诗四句,自‘一九初寒才是冬’起,至‘日月星辰不住忙’止,皆瞽词俚语之类,非词臣应制所作,又非御制,不知如何相传耳,久遵而不改。”这种每九四句诗的风格,还保留着敦煌文书的遗风。刘侗于、奕正《帝京景物略》中有这样的九九歌:“一九二九,相唤不出手;三九二十七,篱头吹觱篥(bìlì,是一种中国古代北方少数民族的乐器,此处指大风吹篱笆发出很大的响声);四九三十六,夜眠如露宿;五九四十五,家家推盐虎;六九五十四,口中呬暖气;七九六十三,行人把衣单;八九七十二,猫狗寻阴地;九九八十一,穷汉受罪毕,才要伸脚睡,蚊虫獦蚤出。”谢肇淛《五杂俎》中记载的“九九歌”与之相类:“一九二九,相逢不出手;三九二十七,篱头吹觱篥;四九三十六,夜眠如露宿;五九四十五,太阳开门户;六九五十四,贫儿争意气;七九六十三,布纳担头担;八九七十二,猫犬寻阴地;九九八十一,犁耙一齐出。”

《五杂俎》中还专门提到了当时北京地区的九九歌:“一九二九,相逢不出手;三九四九,围炉饮酒;五九六九,访亲探友;七九八九,沿河看柳。”与现在的版本已有一些相似之处了。

“九九消寒图”优雅过冬

佳人胭脂染梅文士挥毫描字

在漫长的冬季,古人为了消磨时间,逐渐有了“九九消寒”的习俗。元代开始,北京地区的妇女中流行画梅花的习俗:梅花有九朵九瓣,数九天里每天涂红一个花瓣,称为“九九消寒图”。元末杨允孚《滦京杂咏》有诗曰:“试数窗间九九图,余寒消尽暖回初。梅花点遍无余白,看到今朝是杏株。”诗后自注为:“冬至后,贴梅花一枝于窗间,佳人晓妆,日以胭脂图一圈,八十一圈既足,变作杏花,即暖回矣。”佳人晓妆用胭脂染梅,极富韵致。清代的《帝京岁时纪胜》中有“消寒图”条目,下面记载:“至日数九,画素梅一枝,为瓣八十有一。日染一瓣,瓣尽而九九毕,则春深矣。曰九九消寒之图。”

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